Name

Data::DFA - Deterministic finite state parser from regular expression.

Synopsis

Create a deterministic finite state parser to recognize sequences of symbols that match a given regular expression.

To recognize sequences of symbols drawn from 'a'..'e' that match the regular expression: a (b|c)+ d? e:

Create the parser:

my $dfa = fromExpr
 ("a",
  oneOrMore
   (choice(qw(b c))),
  optional("d"),
  "e"
 );

Recognize sequences of symbols:

ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b e));
ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c e));
ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a d));
ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c d));
ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c d e));

Print the transition table:

is_deeply $dfa->print("a(b|c)+d?e"), <<END;
a(b|c)+d?e
 State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            4
2      1         b            1
3                c            1
4                d            2
5                e            3      1
6      2         e            3      1
7      3      1                      1
8      4         b            1
9                c            1
END

Discover why a sequence cannot be recognized:

my $parser = $dfa->parser;

eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);

is_deeply $@, <<END;
Already processed: a b
Expected one of  : b c d e
But found        : a
END

is_deeply  $parser->fail,       qq(a);
is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];
is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];

ok !$parser->final;

To construct and parse regular expressions in the format used by !ELEMENT definitions in DTDs used to validate XML:

is_deeply
  parseDtdElement(q(a,  b*,  c))->printAsExpr,
  q/element(q(a)), zeroOrMore(element(q(b))), element(q(c))/;

Description

Deterministic finite state parser from regular expression.

Version 20201030.

The following sections describe the methods in each functional area of this module. For an alphabetic listing of all methods by name see Index.

Construct regular expression

Construct a regular expression that defines the language to be parsed using the following combining operations:

element($label)

One element.

   Parameter  Description
1  $label     Transition symbol

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   ("a",
    oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),
    optional("d"),
    "e"
   );
  is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA

   (element("a"),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲


    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲


    optional(element("d")),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲


    element("e")  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

   );
  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser

  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a

  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol
  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed

  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state

  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

This is a static method and so should either be imported or invoked as:

Data::DFA::element

sequence(@elements)

Sequence of elements.

   Parameter  Description
1  @elements  Elements

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA

   (zeroOrMore(sequence('a'..'c')),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

    except('b'..'d')
   );

  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a ));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c c a b c));


  ok $dfa->print(q(Test)) eq <<END;                                             # Print renumbered DFA
Test
   State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            1      1
2      1      1  b            2
3      2         c            0
END

This is a static method and so should either be imported or invoked as:

Data::DFA::sequence

optional(@element)

An optional sequence of element.

   Parameter  Description
1  @element   Elements

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   ("a",
    oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),

    optional("d"),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

    "e"
   );
  is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (element("a"),
    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),

    optional(element("d")),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

    element("e")
   );
  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser

  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a

  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol
  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed

  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state

  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

This is a static method and so should either be imported or invoked as:

Data::DFA::optional

zeroOrMore(@element)

Zero or more repetitions of a sequence of elements.

   Parameter  Description
1  @element   Elements

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA

   (zeroOrMore(sequence('a'..'c')),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

    except('b'..'d')
   );

  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a ));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c c a b c));


  ok $dfa->print(q(Test)) eq <<END;                                             # Print renumbered DFA
Test
   State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            1      1
2      1      1  b            2
3      2         c            0
END

This is a static method and so should either be imported or invoked as:

Data::DFA::zeroOrMore

oneOrMore(@element)

One or more repetitions of a sequence of elements.

   Parameter  Description
1  @element   Elements

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   ("a",

    oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

    optional("d"),
    "e"
   );
  is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (element("a"),

    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

    optional(element("d")),
    element("e")
   );
  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser

  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a

  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol
  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed

  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state

  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

This is a static method and so should either be imported or invoked as:

Data::DFA::oneOrMore

choice(@elements)

Choice from amongst one or more elements.

   Parameter  Description
1  @elements  Elements to be chosen from

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   ("a",

    oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

    optional("d"),
    "e"
   );
  is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (element("a"),

    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

    optional(element("d")),
    element("e")
   );
  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser

  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a

  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol
  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed

  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state

  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

This is a static method and so should either be imported or invoked as:

Data::DFA::choice

except(@elements)

Choice from amongst all symbols except the ones mentioned

   Parameter  Description
1  @elements  Elements to be chosen from

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (zeroOrMore(sequence('a'..'c')),

    except('b'..'d')  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

   );

  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a ));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c c a b c));


  ok $dfa->print(q(Test)) eq <<END;                                             # Print renumbered DFA
Test
   State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            1      1
2      1      1  b            2
3      2         c            0
END

This is a static method and so should either be imported or invoked as:

Data::DFA::except

fromExpr(@expression)

Create a DFA parser from a regular @expression.

   Parameter    Description
1  @expression  Regular expression

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

   ("a",
    oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),
    optional("d"),
    "e"
   );
  is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols


  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

   (element("a"),
    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),
    optional(element("d")),
    element("e")
   );
  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser

  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a

  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol
  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed

  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state

  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

This is a static method and so should either be imported or invoked as:

Data::DFA::fromExpr

univalent($dfa)

Check that the DFA is univalent: a univalent DFA has a mapping from symbols to states. Returns a hash showing the mapping from symbols to states if the DFA is univalent, else returns undfef.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       Dfa to check

Print

Pritn the Dfa in various ways.

print($dfa, $title)

Print the specified $dfa using the specified $title.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       DFA
2  $title     Optional title

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (zeroOrMore(sequence('a'..'c')),
    except('b'..'d')
   );

  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a ));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c c a b c));



  ok $dfa->print(q(Test)) eq <<END;                                             # Print renumbered DFA  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

Test
   State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            1      1
2      1      1  b            2
3      2         c            0
END

symbols($dfa)

Return an array of all the symbols accepted by a $dfa.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       DFA

Example:

my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
 ("a",
  oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),
  optional("d"),
  "e"
 );

is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

parser($dfa, $observer)

Create a parser from a $dfa constructed from a regular expression.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       Deterministic finite state automaton
2  $observer  Optional observer

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   ("a",
    oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),
    optional("d"),
    "e"
   );
  is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (element("a"),
    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),
    optional(element("d")),
    element("e")
   );

  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲



  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲



  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲


  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲



  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲


  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

dumpAsJson($dfa)

Create a JSON string representing a $dfa.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       Deterministic finite state automaton generated from an expression

Example:

my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
 ("a",
  oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),
  optional("d"),
  "e"
 );
is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols

printAsExpr($dfa)

Print a $dfa as an expression.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       DFA

Example:

if (1)
 {my $e = q/element(q(a)), zeroOrMore(choice(element(q(b)), element(q(c)))), element(q(d))/;
  my $d = eval qq/fromExpr($e)/;
  confess $@ if $@;


  my $E = $d->printAsExpr;  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

  ok $e eq $E;

  my $R = $d->printAsRe;
  ok $R eq q(a (b | c)* d);

  my $D = parseDtdElement(q(a, (b | c)*, d));

  my $S = $D->printAsExpr;  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

  ok $e eq $S;
 }

printAsRe($dfa)

Print a $dfa as a regular expression.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       DFA

Example:

if (1)
 {my $e = q/element(q(a)), zeroOrMore(choice(element(q(b)), element(q(c)))), element(q(d))/;
  my $d = eval qq/fromExpr($e)/;
  confess $@ if $@;

  my $E = $d->printAsExpr;
  ok $e eq $E;


  my $R = $d->printAsRe;  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

  ok $R eq q(a (b | c)* d);

  my $D = parseDtdElement(q(a, (b | c)*, d));
  my $S = $D->printAsExpr;
  ok $e eq $S;
 }

parseDtdElementAST($string)

Convert the Dtd Element definition in $string to a parse tree.

   Parameter  Description
1  $string    String representation of DTD element expression

Example:

if (1)

 {is_deeply unbless(parseDtdElementAST(q(a, (b | c)*, d))),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

   ["sequence",
     ["sequence",
        ["element", "a"],
        ["zeroOrMore", ["choice", ["element", "b"], ["element", "c"]]],
     ],
     ["element", "d"],
   ];
 }

parseDtdElement($string)

Convert the Xml <>DTD> Element definition in the specified $string to a DFA.

   Parameter  Description
1  $string    DTD element expression string

Example:

if (1)
 {my $e = q/element(q(a)), zeroOrMore(choice(element(q(b)), element(q(c)))), element(q(d))/;
  my $d = eval qq/fromExpr($e)/;
  confess $@ if $@;

  my $E = $d->printAsExpr;
  ok $e eq $E;

  my $R = $d->printAsRe;
  ok $R eq q(a (b | c)* d);


  my $D = parseDtdElement(q(a, (b | c)*, d));  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

  my $S = $D->printAsExpr;
  ok $e eq $S;
 }

Paths

Find paths in a DFA.

shortPaths($dfa)

Find a set of paths that reach every state in the DFA with each path terminating in a final state.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       DFA

Example:

if (1)
 {my $dfa = fromExpr
   (zeroOrMore("a"),
     oneOrMore("b"),
      optional("c"),
               "d"
   );

  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw());
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(d));
  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b c d));
  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b d));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b a));
  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b b d));


  is_deeply shortPaths    ($dfa), { "b c d" => ["b", "c", "d"], "b d" => ["b", "d"] };  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

  is_deeply longPaths($dfa),
 {"a b b c d" => ["a", "b", "b", "c", "d"],
  "a b b d"   => ["a", "b", "b", "d"],
  "a b c d"   => ["a" .. "d"],
  "a b d"     => ["a", "b", "d"],
  "b b c d"   => ["b", "b", "c", "d"],
  "b b d"     => ["b", "b", "d"],
  "b c d"     => ["b", "c", "d"],
  "b d"       => ["b", "d"]};
 }

longPaths($dfa)

Find a set of paths that traverse each transition in the DFA with each path terminating in a final state.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       DFA

Example:

if (1)
 {my $dfa = fromExpr
   (zeroOrMore("a"),
     oneOrMore("b"),
      optional("c"),
               "d"
   );

  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw());
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(d));
  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b c d));
  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b d));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b a));
  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(b b d));

  is_deeply shortPaths    ($dfa), { "b c d" => ["b", "c", "d"], "b d" => ["b", "d"] };

  is_deeply longPaths($dfa),  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

 {"a b b c d" => ["a", "b", "b", "c", "d"],
  "a b b d"   => ["a", "b", "b", "d"],
  "a b c d"   => ["a" .. "d"],
  "a b d"     => ["a", "b", "d"],
  "b b c d"   => ["b", "b", "c", "d"],
  "b b d"     => ["b", "b", "d"],
  "b c d"     => ["b", "c", "d"],
  "b d"       => ["b", "d"]};
 }

loops($dfa)

Find the non repeating loops from each state.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       DFA

Example:

if (1)
 {my $d = fromExpr choice
    oneOrMore "a",
      oneOrMore "b",
        oneOrMore "c",
          oneOrMore "d";

  is_deeply $d->print("(a(b(c(d)+)+)+)+"), <<END;
(a(b(c(d)+)+)+)+
   State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            3
2      1         d            2      1
3      2      1  a            3
4                b            4
5                c            1
6                d            2      1
7      3         b            4
8      4         c            1
END

  ok !$d->parser->accepts(qw());
  ok !$d->parser->accepts(qw(a b c));
  ok  $d->parser->accepts(qw(a b c d));
  ok  $d->parser->accepts(qw(a b c d b c d d));
  ok !$d->parser->accepts(qw(a b c b d c d d));
  ok !$d->parser->accepts(qw(a b c d a));


  is_deeply $d->loops, {  # 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲

  1 => [["d", "a", "b", "c"], ["d", "b", "c"], ["d", "c"]],
  2 => [["a" .. "d"],         ["b", "c", "d"], ["c", "d"], ["d"]],
  3 => [["b", "c", "d", "a"]],
  4 => [["c", "d", "a", "b"], ["c", "d", "b"]]};

  is_deeply shortPaths($d), {"a b c d" => ["a" .. "d"]};
  is_deeply longPaths ($d), { "a b c d" => ["a" .. "d"], "a b c d d" => ["a" .. "d", "d"] };

  #say STDERR $d->printAsExpr;
 }

Parser methods

Use the DFA to parse a sequence of symbols

Data::DFA::Parser::accept($parser, $symbol)

Using the specified $parser, accept the next symbol drawn from the symbol set if possible by moving to a new state otherwise confessing with a helpful message that such a move is not possible.

   Parameter  Description
1  $parser    DFA Parser
2  $symbol    Next symbol to be processed by the finite state automaton

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (element("a"),
    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),
    optional(element("d")),
    element("e")
   );
  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser

  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a

  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol
  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed

  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state

  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (zeroOrMore(sequence('a'..'c')),
    except('b'..'d')
   );

  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a ));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c c a b c));


  ok $dfa->print(q(Test)) eq <<END;                                             # Print renumbered DFA
Test
   State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            1      1
2      1      1  b            2
3      2         c            0
END

Data::DFA::Parser::final($parser)

Returns whether the specified $parser is in a final state or not.

   Parameter  Description
1  $parser    DFA Parser

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (zeroOrMore(sequence('a'..'c')),
    except('b'..'d')
   );

  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a ));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c c a b c));


  ok $dfa->print(q(Test)) eq <<END;                                             # Print renumbered DFA
Test
   State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            1      1
2      1      1  b            2
3      2         c            0
END

Data::DFA::Parser::next($parser)

Returns an array of symbols that would be accepted in the current state by the specified $parser.

   Parameter  Description
1  $parser    DFA Parser

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (element("a"),
    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),
    optional(element("d")),
    element("e")
   );
  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser

  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a

  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol
  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed

  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state

  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

Data::DFA::Parser::accepts($parser, @symbols)

Confirm that the specified $parser accepts an array representing a sequence of symbols.

   Parameter  Description
1  $parser    DFA Parser
2  @symbols   Array of symbols

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   ("a",
    oneOrMore(choice(qw(b c))),
    optional("d"),
    "e"
   );
  is_deeply ['a'..'e'], [$dfa->symbols];                                        # List symbols

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (element("a"),
    oneOrMore(choice(element("b"), element("c"))),
    optional(element("d")),
    element("e")
   );
  my $parser = $dfa->parser;                                                    # New parser

  eval { $parser->accept($_) } for qw(a b a);                                   # Try to parse a b a

  is_deeply [$parser->next],     [qw(b c d e)];                                 # Next acceptable symbol
  is_deeply  $parser->processed, [qw(a b)];                                     # Symbols processed

  ok !$parser->final;                                                           # Not in a final state

  ok $dfa->dumpAsJson eq <<END, q(dumpAsJson);                                  # Dump as json
{
   "finalStates" : {
      "0" : null,
      "1" : null,
      "2" : null,
      "4" : null,
      "5" : 1
   },
   "transitions" : {
      "0" : {
         "a" : "2"
      },
      "1" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1",
         "d" : "4",
         "e" : "5"
      },
      "2" : {
         "b" : "1",
         "c" : "1"
      },
      "4" : {
         "e" : "5"
      }
   }
}
END

Data Structures

Data structures used by this package.

Data::DFA Definition

DFA State

Output fields

final

Whether this state is final

nfaStates

Hash whose keys are the NFA states that contributed to this super state

pump

Pumping lemmas for this state

sequence

Sequence of states to final state minus pumped states

state

Name of the state - the join of the NFA keys

transitions

Transitions from this state

Data::DFA::Parser Definition

Parse a sequence of symbols with a DFA

Output fields

dfa

DFA being used

fail

Symbol on which we failed

observer

Optional sub($parser, $symbol, $target) to observe transitions.

processed

Symbols processed

state

Current state

Data::DFA::State Definition

DFA State

Output fields

final

Whether this state is final

nfaStates

Hash whose keys are the NFA states that contributed to this super state

pump

Pumping lemmas for this state

sequence

Sequence of states to final state minus pumped states

state

Name of the state - the join of the NFA keys

transitions

Transitions from this state

Private Methods

newDFA()

Create a new DFA.

newState(%options)

Create a new DFA state with the specified options.

   Parameter  Description
1  %options   DFA state as hash

fromNfa($nfa)

Create a DFA parser from an NFA.

   Parameter  Description
1  $nfa       Nfa

finalState($nfa, $reach)

Check whether, in the specified $nfa, any of the states named in the hash reference $reach are final. Final states that refer to reduce rules are checked for reduce conflicts.

   Parameter  Description
1  $nfa       NFA
2  $reach     Hash of states in the NFA

superState($dfa, $superStateName, $nfa, $symbols, $nfaSymbolTransitions)

Create super states from existing superstate.

   Parameter              Description
1  $dfa                   DFA
2  $superStateName        Start state in DFA
3  $nfa                   NFA we are converting
4  $symbols               Symbols in the NFA we are converting
5  $nfaSymbolTransitions  States reachable from each state by symbol

superStates($dfa, $SuperStateName, $nfa)

Create super states from existing superstate.

   Parameter        Description
1  $dfa             DFA
2  $SuperStateName  Start state in DFA
3  $nfa             NFA we are tracking

transitionOnSymbol($dfa, $superStateName, $symbol)

The super state reached by transition on a symbol from a specified state.

   Parameter        Description
1  $dfa             DFA
2  $superStateName  Start state in DFA
3  $symbol          Symbol

renumberDfa($dfa, $initialStateName)

Renumber the states in the specified $dfa.

   Parameter          Description
1  $dfa               DFA
2  $initialStateName  Initial super state name

Example:

  my $dfa = fromExpr                                                            # Construct DFA
   (zeroOrMore(sequence('a'..'c')),
    except('b'..'d')
   );

  ok  $dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a ));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a b));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a b c a c));
  ok !$dfa->parser->accepts(qw(a c c a b c));


  ok $dfa->print(q(Test)) eq <<END;                                             # Print renumbered DFA
Test
   State  Final  Symbol  Target  Final
1      0         a            1      1
2      1      1  b            2
3      2         c            0
END

printFinal($final)

Print a final state

   Parameter  Description
1  $final     Final State

removeDuplicatedStates($dfa)

Remove duplicated states in a $dfa.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       Deterministic finite state automaton generated from an expression

removeUnreachableStates($dfa)

Remove unreachable states in a $dfa.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       Deterministic finite state automaton generated from an expression

printAsExpr2($dfa, %options)

Print a DFA $dfa_ in an expression form determined by the specified %options.

   Parameter  Description
1  $dfa       Dfa
2  %options   Options.

subArray($A, $B)

Whether the second array is contained within the first.

   Parameter  Description
1  $A         Exterior array
2  $B         Interior array

removeLongerPathsThatContainShorterPaths($paths)

Remove longer paths that contain shorter paths.

   Parameter  Description
1  $paths     Paths

Index

1 choice - Choice from amongst one or more elements.

2 Data::DFA::Parser::accept - Using the specified $parser, accept the next symbol drawn from the symbol set if possible by moving to a new state otherwise confessing with a helpful message that such a move is not possible.

3 Data::DFA::Parser::accepts - Confirm that the specified $parser accepts an array representing a sequence of symbols.

4 Data::DFA::Parser::final - Returns whether the specified $parser is in a final state or not.

5 Data::DFA::Parser::next - Returns an array of symbols that would be accepted in the current state by the specified $parser.

6 dumpAsJson - Create a JSON string representing a $dfa.

7 element - One element.

8 except - Choice from amongst all symbols except the ones mentioned

9 finalState - Check whether, in the specified $nfa, any of the states named in the hash reference $reach are final.

10 fromExpr - Create a DFA parser from a regular @expression.

11 fromNfa - Create a DFA parser from an NFA.

12 longPaths - Find a set of paths that traverse each transition in the DFA with each path terminating in a final state.

13 loops - Find the non repeating loops from each state.

14 newDFA - Create a new DFA.

15 newState - Create a new DFA state with the specified options.

16 oneOrMore - One or more repetitions of a sequence of elements.

17 optional - An optional sequence of element.

18 parseDtdElement - Convert the Xml <>DTD> Element definition in the specified $string to a DFA.

19 parseDtdElementAST - Convert the Dtd Element definition in $string to a parse tree.

20 parser - Create a parser from a $dfa constructed from a regular expression.

21 print - Print the specified $dfa using the specified $title.

22 printAsExpr - Print a $dfa as an expression.

23 printAsExpr2 - Print a DFA $dfa_ in an expression form determined by the specified %options.

24 printAsRe - Print a $dfa as a regular expression.

25 printFinal - Print a final state

26 removeDuplicatedStates - Remove duplicated states in a $dfa.

27 removeLongerPathsThatContainShorterPaths - Remove longer paths that contain shorter paths.

28 removeUnreachableStates - Remove unreachable states in a $dfa.

29 renumberDfa - Renumber the states in the specified $dfa.

30 sequence - Sequence of elements.

31 shortPaths - Find a set of paths that reach every state in the DFA with each path terminating in a final state.

32 subArray - Whether the second array is contained within the first.

33 superState - Create super states from existing superstate.

34 superStates - Create super states from existing superstate.

35 symbols - Return an array of all the symbols accepted by a $dfa.

36 transitionOnSymbol - The super state reached by transition on a symbol from a specified state.

37 univalent - Check that the DFA is univalent: a univalent DFA has a mapping from symbols to states.

38 zeroOrMore - Zero or more repetitions of a sequence of elements.

Installation

This module is written in 100% Pure Perl and, thus, it is easy to read, comprehend, use, modify and install via cpan:

sudo cpan install Data::DFA

Author

philiprbrenan@gmail.com

http://www.appaapps.com

Copyright

This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.

To install Data::DFA, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Data::DFA

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Data::DFA

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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Name

Synopsis

Description

Construct regular expression

element($label)

sequence(@elements)

optional(@element)

zeroOrMore(@element)

oneOrMore(@element)

choice(@elements)

except(@elements)

fromExpr(@expression)

univalent($dfa)

Print

print($dfa, $title)

symbols($dfa)

parser($dfa, $observer)

dumpAsJson($dfa)

printAsExpr($dfa)

printAsRe($dfa)

parseDtdElementAST($string)

parseDtdElement($string)

Paths

shortPaths($dfa)

longPaths($dfa)

loops($dfa)

Parser methods

Data::DFA::Parser::accept($parser, $symbol)

Data::DFA::Parser::final($parser)

Data::DFA::Parser::next($parser)

Data::DFA::Parser::accepts($parser, @symbols)

Data Structures

Data::DFA Definition

Output fields

final

nfaStates

pump

sequence

state

transitions

Data::DFA::Parser Definition

Output fields

dfa

fail

observer

processed

state

Data::DFA::State Definition

Output fields

final

nfaStates

pump

sequence

state

transitions

Private Methods

newDFA()

newState(%options)

fromNfa($nfa)

finalState($nfa, $reach)

superState($dfa, $superStateName, $nfa, $symbols, $nfaSymbolTransitions)

superStates($dfa, $SuperStateName, $nfa)

transitionOnSymbol($dfa, $superStateName, $symbol)

renumberDfa($dfa, $initialStateName)

printFinal($final)

removeDuplicatedStates($dfa)

removeUnreachableStates($dfa)

printAsExpr2($dfa, %options)

subArray($A, $B)

removeLongerPathsThatContainShorterPaths($paths)

Index

Installation

Author

Copyright

Module Install Instructions