NAME

Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree - The tree object.

SYNOPSIS

# some way to get a tree
use Bio::Phylo::IO;
my $string = '((A,B),C);';
my $forest = Bio::Phylo::IO->parse(
   -format => 'newick',
   -string => $string
);
my $tree = $forest->first;

# do something:
print $tree->calc_imbalance;

# prints "1"

DESCRIPTION

The object models a phylogenetic tree, a container of Bio::Phylo::Forest::Node objects. The tree object inherits from Bio::Phylo::Listable, so look there for more methods.

METHODS

CONSTRUCTOR

new()

Type    : Constructor
Title   : new
Usage   : my $tree = Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree->new;
Function: Instantiates a Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Returns : A Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : No required arguments.

QUERIES

get_terminals()

Type    : Query
Title   : get_terminals
Usage   : my @terminals = @{ $tree->get_terminals };
Function: Retrieves all terminal nodes in
          the Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Returns : An array reference of Bio::Phylo::Forest::Node objects.
Args    : NONE
Comments: If the tree is valid, this method retrieves the same set
          of nodes as $node->get_terminals($root). However, because
          there is no recursion it may be faster. Also, the node
          method by the same name does not see orphans.

get_internals()

Type    : Query
Title   : get_internals
Usage   : my @internals = @{ $tree->get_internals };
Function: Retrieves all internal nodes in the Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Returns : An array reference of Bio::Phylo::Forest::Node objects.
Args    : NONE
Comments: If the tree is valid, this method retrieves the same set
          of nodes as $node->get_internals($root). However, because
          there is no recursion it may be faster. Also, the node
          method by the same name does not see orphans.

get_root()

Type    : Query
Title   : get_root
Usage   : my $root = $tree->get_root;
Function: Retrieves the first orphan in the current Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree
          object - which should be the root.
Returns : Bio::Phylo::Forest::Node
Args    : NONE

get_mrca()

Type    : Query
Title   : get_mrca
Usage   : my $mrca = $tree->get_mrca(\@nodes);
Function: Retrieves the most recent common ancestor of \@nodes
Returns : Bio::Phylo::Forest::Node
Args    : A reference to an array of Bio::Phylo::Forest::Node objects in
          $tree.

TESTS

is_binary()

Type    : Test
Title   : is_binary
Usage   : if ( $tree->is_binary ) {
             # do something
          }
Function: Tests whether the current Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object is
          bifurcating.
Returns : BOOLEAN
Args    : NONE

is_ultrametric()

Type    : Test
Title   : is_ultrametric
Usage   : if ( $tree->is_ultrametric(0.01) ) {
             # do something
          }
Function: Tests whether the Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object is ultrametric.
Returns : BOOLEAN
Args    : Optional margin between pairwise comparisons (default = 0).
Comments: The test is done by performing all pairwise comparisons for
          root-to-tip path lengths. Since many programs introduce
          rounding errors in branch lengths the optional argument is
          available to test TRUE for nearly ultrametric trees. For
          example, a value of 0.01 indicates that no pairwise
          comparison may differ by more than 1%. Note: behaviour is
          undefined for negative branch lengths.

is_monophyletic()

Type    : Test
Title   : is_monophyletic
Usage   : if ( $tree->is_monophyletic(\@tips, $node) ) {
             # do something
          }
Function: Tests whether the set of \@tips is
          monophyletic w.r.t. $outgroup.
Returns : BOOLEAN
Args    : A reference to a list of nodes, and a node.
Comments: This method is essentially the
          same as &Bio::Phylo::Forest::Node::is_outgroup_of.

is_clade()

Type    : Test
Title   : is_clade
Usage   : if ( $tree->is_clade(\@tips) ) {
             # do something
          }
Function: Tests whether the set of \@tips forms a clade
Returns : BOOLEAN
Args    : A reference to an array of Bio::Phylo::Forest::Node objects.
Comments:

CALCULATIONS

calc_tree_length()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_tree_length
Usage   : my $tree_length = $tree->calc_tree_length;
Function: Calculates the sum of all branch lengths (i.e. the tree length).
Returns : FLOAT
Args    : NONE

calc_tree_height()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_tree_height
Usage   : my $tree_height = $tree->calc_tree_height;
Function: Calculates the height of the tree.
Returns : FLOAT
Args    : NONE
Comments: For ultrametric trees this method returns the height, but this is
          done by averaging over all root-to-tip path lengths, so for
          additive trees the result should consequently be interpreted
          differently.

calc_number_of_nodes()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_number_of_nodes
Usage   : my $number_of_nodes = $tree->calc_number_of_nodes;
Function: Calculates the number of nodes (internals AND terminals).
Returns : INT
Args    : NONE

calc_number_of_terminals()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_number_of_terminals
Usage   : my $number_of_terminals = $tree->calc_number_of_terminals;
Function: Calculates the number of terminal nodes.
Returns : INT
Args    : NONE

calc_number_of_internals()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_number_of_internals
Usage   : my $number_of_internals = $tree->calc_number_of_internals;
Function: Calculates the number of internal nodes.
Returns : INT
Args    : NONE

calc_total_paths()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_total_paths
Usage   : my $total_paths = $tree->calc_total_paths;
Function: Calculates the sum of all root-to-tip path lengths.
Returns : FLOAT
Args    : NONE

calc_redundancy()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_redundancy
Usage   : my $redundancy = $tree->calc_redundancy;
Function: Calculates the amount of shared (redundant) history on the total.
Returns : FLOAT
Args    : NONE
Comments: Redundancy is calculated as
1 / ( treelength - height / ( ntax * height - height ) )

calc_imbalance()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_imbalance
Usage   : my $imbalance = $tree->calc_imbalance;
Function: Calculates Colless' coefficient of tree imbalance.
Returns : FLOAT
Args    : NONE
Comments: As described in Colless, D.H., 1982. The theory and practice of
          phylogenetic systematics. Systematic Zoology 31(1): 100-104

calc_fiala_stemminess()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_fiala_stemminess
Usage   : my $fiala_stemminess = $tree->calc_fiala_stemminess;
Function: Calculates stemminess measure Fiala and Sokal (1985).
Returns : FLOAT
Args    : NONE
Comments: As described in Fiala, K.L. and R.R. Sokal, 1985. Factors determining
          the accuracy of cladogram estimation: evaluation using computer
          simulation. Evolution, 39: 609-622

calc_rohlf_stemminess()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_rohlf_stemminess
Usage   : my $rohlf_stemminess = $tree->calc_rohlf_stemminess;
Function: Calculates stemminess measure from Rohlf et al. (1990).
Returns : FLOAT
Args    : NONE
Comments: As described in Rohlf, F.J., W.S. Chang, R.R. Sokal, J. Kim, 1990.
          Accuracy of estimated phylogenies: effects of tree topology and
          evolutionary model. Evolution, 44(6): 1671-1684

calc_resolution()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_resolution
Usage   : my $resolution = $tree->calc_resolution;
Function: Calculates the total number of internal nodes over the
          total number of internal nodes on a fully bifurcating
          tree of the same size.
Returns : FLOAT
Args    : NONE

calc_branching_times()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_branching_times
Usage   : my $branching_times = $tree->calc_branching_times;
Function: Returns a two-dimensional array. The first dimension
          consists of the "records", so that in the second
          dimension $AoA[$first][0] contains the internal node
          references, and $AoA[$first][1] the branching time
          of the internal node. The records are orderered from
          root to tips by time from the origin.
Returns : SCALAR[][] or FALSE
Args    : NONE

calc_ltt()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_ltt
Usage   : my $ltt = $tree->calc_ltt;
Function: Returns a two-dimensional array. The first dimension
          consists of the "records", so that in the second dimension
          $AoA[$first][0] contains the internal node references, and
          $AoA[$first][1] the branching time of the internal node,
          and $AoA[$first][2] the cumulative number of lineages over
          time. The records are orderered from root to tips by
          time from the origin.
Returns : SCALAR[][] or FALSE
Args    : NONE

calc_symdiff()

Type    : Calculation
Title   : calc_symdiff
Usage   : my $symdiff = $tree->calc_symdiff($other_tree);
Function: Returns the symmetric difference metric between $tree and
          $other_tree, sensu Penny and Hendy, 1985.
Returns : SCALAR
Args    : A Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object
Comments: Trees in comparison must span the same set of terminal taxa
          or results are meaningless.

TREE MANIPULATION

ultrametricize()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : ultrametricize
Usage   : $tree->ultrametricize;
Function: Sets all root-to-tip path lengths equal by stretching
          all terminal branches to the height of the tallest node.
Returns : The modified Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : NONE
Comments: This method is analogous to the 'ultrametricize' command
          in Mesquite, i.e. no rate smoothing or anything like that
          happens, just a lengthening of terminal branches.

scale()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : scale
Usage   : $tree->scale($height);
Function: Scales the tree to the specified height.
Returns : The modified Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : $height = a numerical value indicating root-to-tip path length.
Comments: This method uses the $tree->calc_tree_height method, and so for
          additive trees the *average* root-to-tip path length is scaled to
          $height (i.e. some nodes might be taller than $height, others
          shorter).

resolve()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : resolve
Usage   : $tree->resolve;
Function: Breaks polytomies by inserting additional internal nodes orderered
          from left to right.
Returns : The modified Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    :
Comments:

prune_tips()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : prune_tips
Usage   : $tree->prune_tips(\@taxa);
Function: Prunes specified taxa from invocant.
Returns : A pruned Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : A reference to an array of taxon names.
Comments:

keep_tips()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : keep_tips
Usage   : $tree->keep_tips(\@taxa);
Function: Keeps specified taxa from invocant.
Returns : The pruned Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : A list of taxon names.
Comments:

negative_to_zero()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : negative_to_zero
Usage   : $tree->negative_to_zero;
Function: Converts negative branch lengths to zero.
Returns : The modified Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : NONE
Comments:

exponentiate()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : exponentiate
Usage   : $tree->exponentiate($power);
Function: Raises branch lengths to $power.
Returns : The modified Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : A $power in any of perl's number formats.

log_transform()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : log_transform
Usage   : $tree->log_transform($base);
Function: Log $base transforms branch lengths.
Returns : The modified Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : A $base in any of perl's number formats.

remove_unbranched_internals()

Type    : Tree manipulator
Title   : remove_unbranched_internals
Usage   : $tree->remove_unbranched_internals;
Function: Collapses internal nodes with fewer than 2 children.
Returns : The modified Bio::Phylo::Forest::Tree object.
Args    : NONE
Comments:

to_newick()

Type    : Stringifier
Title   : to_newick
Usage   : my $string = $tree->to_newick;
Function: Turns the invocant tree object into a newick string
Returns : SCALAR
Args    : NONE

FORUM

CPAN hosts a discussion forum for Bio::Phylo. If you have trouble using this module the discussion forum is a good place to start posting questions (NOT bug reports, see below): http://www.cpanforum.com/dist/Bio-Phylo

BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests to bug-bio-phylo@rt.cpan.org, or through the web interface at http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Bio-Phylo. I will be notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes. Be sure to include the following in your request or comment, so that I know what version you're using:

$Id: Tree.pm,v 1.13 2005/09/29 20:31:17 rvosa Exp $

AUTHOR

Rutger A. Vos,

email: rvosa@sfu.ca
web page: http://www.sfu.ca/~rvosa/

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank Jason Stajich for many ideas borrowed from BioPerl http://www.bioperl.org, and CIPRES http://www.phylo.org and FAB* http://www.sfu.ca/~fabstar for comments and requests.

COPYRIGHT & LICENSE

To install Bio::Phylo, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Bio::Phylo

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Bio::Phylo

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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