Name
Bigtop::Docs::Cookbook - Bigtop syntax by example
Intro
This document is meant to be like the Perl Cookbook with short wishes you might long for, together with syntax to type in your bigtop file and what that produces. In addition, many sections start with a simple question about what gets built by the backend in question.
For quick syntax reference consult Bigtop::Docs::Keywords for more complete information consult Bigtop::Docs::Syntax.
This document assumes you will be editing your bigtop file with a text editor (it was written before the tentmaker). You may also choose to maintain your bigtop file with tentmaker. Generally, the advice here governs what values you put in the boxes at the far right side of the Backends tab in tentmaker. Some of the other advice must be implemented on the App Body tab.
The questions are in sections. Here is a complete list of sections and questions:
Init
Stand Alone Server
SQL
CGI
httpd.conf
Gantry conrollers
Using Gantry's ORM Help
Gantry's home made models
Init
What does Init::Std build?
If your config includes:
config {
Init Std {}
}bigtop will generate the following regular files:
Build.PL
Changes
MANIFEST
MANIFEST.SKIP
READMEIt also makes the following directories:
docs
lib
tIt will try to put the bigtop file into the docs directory (but it won't overwrite it, if its already there). Note that Init doesn't put things into the lib or t directories.
How can I regenerate some of those files but not others?
As with all backends, you can prevent regeneration of all of the above:
Init Std { no_gen 1; }If you use bigtop --new AppName, it will do this for you.
But this backend has more fine tuned control:
Init Std {
Changes no_gen;
README no_gen;
}This will not build Changes or README, but will make Build.PL, MANIFEST, and MANIFEST.SKIP. List as many of the regular files as you like with no_gen as the value. The others will be rebuilt. This is convenient for keeping the MANIFEST up to date while leaving the Changes file safe for hand editing.
Stand Alone Server
There is no special backend for making stand alone servers, but there is a way to generate them for Gantry:
How do I make a stand alone server for my app?
To get a stand alone server, do just what you would for a CGI app, but add the with_server statement to the CGI backend block in the config section:
config {
engine CGI;
Init Std {}
CGI Gantry { with_server 1; }
}
app Name {
config {
variable_1 value;
variable_2 `multi-word value`;
overriden global;
}
controller SubPage {
rel_location subpage;
}
}This yields a CGI script as normal and app.server which can be executed directly (it requires HTTP::Server::Simple).
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use CGI::Carp qw( fatalsToBrowser );
use Name qw{ -Engine=CGI -TemplateEngine= };
use Gantry::Server;
use Gantry::Engine::CGI;
my $cgi = Gantry::Engine::CGI->new( {
config => {
variable_1 => 'value',
variable_2 => 'multi-word value',
overriden => 'global',
},
locations => {
'/' => 'Name',
'/subpage' => 'Name::SubPage',
},
} );
my $port = shift || 8080;
my $server = Gantry::Server->new( $port );
$server->set_engine_object( $cgi );
$server->run();This server binds to port 8080 by default. To change the port, add the server_port statement:
CGI Gantry { with_server 1;
server_port 9999; }This will change the script in only one place:
my $port = shift || 9999;As you can see, users can supply a port on the command line when they (that would usually be you) start it.
SQL
What do SQL backends make?
SQL backends make docs/schema.* (where * is for your database engine, like postgres) in the build directory. It should be ready for direct use to create your database.
How do I make a sequence?
Use a sequence block:
sequence name_seq {}This will generate:
CREATE SEQUENCE name_seq;in schema.*. Note that blocks for sequences must currently be empty. Eventually they should support min and max values, etc.
How do I make a table?
Tables are made with blocks:
table name {
#...
}Inside the braces you need may specify the table's sequence and its fields:
table name {
sequence name_seq;
field id { is int4, primary_key, auto; }
field name { is varchar; }
}How do I make a primary key column?
Include primary_key as one of the attributes of the is statement for the field (see above or below). This will add PRIMARY KEY in the schema.*, but will also show Model backends that the field is primary.
What all can I put in a table block?
Here is a table with several types of fields:
table invoices {
sequence invoices_seq;
foreign_display `%number`;
field id { is int4, primary_key, assign_by_sequence; }
field number {
is int4;
label `Number (example: COM-12)`;
html_form_type text;
html_form_constraint `qr{^\w\w\w-\d+$}`;
}
field status_id {
is int4;
label Status;
refers_to status;
html_form_type select;
}
field paid {
is date;
label `Paid On`;
date_select_text `Popup Calendar`;
html_form_type text;
html_form_optional 1;
}
field customer_id {
is int4;
label Customer;
refers_to customers;
html_form_type select;
}
field notes {
is text;
label `Notes to Customer`;
html_form_type textarea;
html_form_optional 1;
html_form_rows 4;
html_form_cols 50;
}
}The foreign_display statement controls how rows from this table appear when other tables refer to them. This is available through the model's foreign_display method:
my $show_to_user = $invoice_row_object->foreign_display();Each field that might appear on the screen should have a label which the user will see above or next to the values. It becomes the column label when the field appears in a table. It appears next to the entry field when the user is entering or updating it.
Including the refers_to statement implies that the field is a foreign key. Whether this generates SQL indicating that is up to the backend. None of the current backends (Bigtop::SQL::Postgres, Bigtop::SQL::MySQL, or Bigtop::SQL::SQLite) generate foreign key SQL. But, using refers_to always affects the model. For instance, Bigtop::Model::CDBI generates a has_a for each field with a refers_to statement. Other Model backends do the analogous things.
The date_select_text is shown by Gantry templates as the text for a popup calendar link. See the discussion of the LineItem controller in Bigtop::Docs::Tutorial for details. You might also want to check 'How can I let my users pick dates easily?' in Gantry::Docs::FAQ to see what bigtop generates.
All of the statements which begin with html_form_ are passed through to the template (with html_form_ stripped). Consult your template for details. The Gantry template is form.tt. Note that html_form_constraint is actually used by Gantry plugins which rely on Gantry::Utils::CRUDHelp. This includes at least Gantry::Plugins::AutoCRUD and Gantry::Plugins::CRUD. These constraints are enforced by Data::FormValidator.
How can I include initial data in a table?
Sometimes it's useful to put some data into the database during creation. Two types that spring to mind are test data and standard constants. To include such data add data statements to the table block:
table status_code {
#...
data name => `Begun`, descr => `work in progress`;
data name => `Billed`, descr => `invoice sent to customer`;
data name => `Paid`, descr => `payment received`;
}Notes: (1) you should not set the id if your table has a sequence or is auto-incrementing the primary key (and it should one or the other). (2) remember to surround the values with backquotes if they have any characters Perl wouldn't like in a variable name (it's always safe to have backquotes around values, even if they aren't strictly needed, think of them like the comma after the last item in a Perl list). (3) you can use as many data statments as you like each one makes an SQL statement:
INSERT INTO status_code ( name, descr )
VALUES ( 'begun', 'work in progress' );Note that tentmaker cannot insert, update, or delete data statements. But, if you have them in your file, it will not harm them.
How do I put extra things into schema.*?
At any point in the app section, you may include a literal SQL statement:
literl SQL `CREATE INDEX name_ind ON some_table ( some_field );`;There are a couple of things to notice here. First, enclose all of your literal content in backquotes. It will only be modified in one way. If it doesn't end in whitespace, one new line will be added to it. Otherwise, you are on your own.
Second, there are two semi-colons here. The one inside the backquotes is for SQL, the one outside is for Bigtop. The later semi-colon is always required. It's up to you to make sure the syntax of your literal SQL code is correct (including determining whether it needs a semi-colon).
If you want a trailing empty line, do this:
literl SQL `CREATE INDEX name_ind ON some_table ( some_field );
`;All trailing whitespace is taken literally. If you include any, no extra new line will be added.
The order of SQL generation is the same as the order in your Bigtop file. For example, since the index creation above must come after some_table is defined, put the literal statement after some_table's block.
You may use literal SQL statements as a way to work around tentmaker's inability to handle table level data statements. Simply put your INSERT statements into a literal SQL statement after the table's block.
CGI
What do CGI backends make?
CGI backends make a single CGI based dispatching script called app.cgi directly in the build directory. You will have to copy it to your cgi-bin directory and make sure the copy there is executable. If you use the with_server statement in the CGI backend block, they will also make app.server. You may run it as a stand alone web server, which is especially useful during testing.
How do I specify configuration values?
If you want to use Gantry::Conf, see the next question.
Specify CGI configuration values with config blocks as you would for mod_perl apps:
app SomeApp {
config {
dbconn `dbi:Pg:dbname=appdb` => no_accessor;
dbuser `someone` => no_accessor;
dbpass `not_tellin` => no_accessor;
page_size 15;
}
}These become config hash members:
my $cgi = Gantry::Engine::CGI->new(
config => {
dbconn => 'dbi:Pg:dbname=appdb',
dbuser => 'someone',
dbpass => 'not_tellin',
page_size => 15,
}
);Note: if you don't use Gantry::Conf, all config parameters for your CGI script must be at the app level and they will only appear in the config hash of the Gantry::Engine::CGI object.
How do I specify Gantry::Conf configuration values?
To use Gantry::Conf with CGI scripts, do two things. First, add an instance statement to the CGI backend block:
config {
#...
CGI Gantry { instance `your_name`; }
}This instance must be the name of one of the instances in your /etc/gantry.conf. If your master conf lives in a different file, use a block like this instead:
config {
#...
CGI Gantry {
instance `your_name`;
conffile `/etc/my_hidden_conf/master.conf`;
}
}Second, use the Conf General backend. If you use a SiteLook backend, you probably want to include the gen_root command, so the backend will manufacture a path to your wrapper and other templates. Note that this works for either the Conf General or the CGI Gantry backend.
How do I control CGI locations?
The locations your CGI script can manage will come from your controllers. Each controller should have either a location or a rel_location directive. locations are used as is, rel_locations have the location for the app prepended. Note that the app location is optional and defaults to '/'. Do not start or end locations or rel_locations with / (except that the app level location can be '/').
app MyAppName {
location `/mysubsite`;
#... table definitions here
controller SomeTable {
rel_location `sometable`;
}
controller Odd {
location `/pretends/to_be/part_of/other/app/odd`;
}
}For the Gantry CGI backend, this leads to the following excerpt in app.cgi:
my $cgi = Gantry::Endgin::CGI->new(
locations => {
'/mysubsite' => 'MyAppName',
'/mysubsite/sometable' => 'MyAppName::SomeTable',
'/pretends/to_be/part_of/other/app/odd' => 'MyAppName::Odd',
},
);httpd.conf
What do HttpdConf backends make?
HttpdConf backends make docs/httpd.conf suitable for use in a mod_perl apache conf file or as the value of an Include statement there.
How do I specify PerlSetVar values for mod_perl?
Use config blocks to specify PerlSetVars:
config {
engine MP13;
# You could use MP20 instead of MP13.
Init Std {}
HttpdConf Gantry {}
}
app Name {
config {
variable_1 value;
variable_2 `multi-word value`;
overriden global;
}
controller SubPage {
rel_location subpage;
config {
overriden subpage;
}
}
}Note that the SubPage controller includes its own value for the overriden variable. This results in a PerlSetVar statement in the location block for this controller. The app level config block results in three PerlSetVars appearing in the root location block. Output in docs/httpd.conf:
<Perl>
#!/usr/bin/perl
use Name;
use Name::SubPage;
</Perl>
<Location />
PerlSetVar variable_1 value
PerlSetVar variable_2 multi-word value
PerlSetVar overriden global
</Location>
<Location /subpage>
SetHandler perl-script
PerlHandler Name::SubPage
PerlSetVar overriden subpage
</Location>The Control backend will include these in site object initialization (in the init method) and make accessors for them. Marking them no_accessor prevents both of those things (see Controllers below).
How do I use Gantry::Conf for mod_perl?
Gantry::Conf allows for all sorts of applications to be configured in all sorts of ways in one place. It allows multiple apps to share configuration information, even if they run on different servers. It allows multiple instances of the same app to use different configuration information, even if they run in the same apache server. See the docs on Gantry::Conf for details on its use.
config {
engine MP13;
Init Std {}
Conf General {}
HttpdConf Gantry { skip_config 1; instance `your_instance`; }
}
app Name {
literal Location `PerlSetVar GantryConfInstance example`;
config {
variable_1 value;
variable_2 `multi-word value`;
overriden global;
}
controller SubPage {
rel_location subpage;
config {
overriden subpage;
}
}
}The process is very similar for Gantry::Conf as for PerlSetVars. There are a couple of key differences. First, you should add the Conf General backend. Second, you should mark the HttpdConf Gantry backend with skip_config, so it won't write PerlSetVars. Finally, you should include the instance statement, whose value is the name of your instance in /etc/gantry.conf. If your master config file lives somewhere else, also include conffile in the HttpdConf Gantry backend block:
config {
#...
HttpdConf Gantry {
skip_config 1;
instance `your_instance`;
conffile `/etc/exotic/location/master.conf`;
}
}This yields two output files: a shorter httpd.conf and a new Name.conf. Here's docs/httpd.conf:
<Perl>
#!/usr/bin/perl
use Name;
use Name::SubPage;
</Perl>
<Location />
PerlSetVar GantryConfInstance example
</Location>
<Location /subpage>
SetHandler perl-script
PerlHandler Name::SubPage
</Location>Here's docs/Name.conf:
variable_1 value
variable_2 multi-word value
overriden global
<GantryLocation /subpage>
overriden subpage
</GantryLocation>How do I put extra statements into my Apache Perl block?
There are two ways to put extra things into the generated Perl block, depending on where things should appear. If you need something to come immediately after the #!/usr/bin/perl line (like a use lib), do this:
literal PerlTop ` use lib '/home/myuser/src/lib';`;As with all literals, you must enclose your content in backquotes and mind your own syntax inside those quotes. You are responsible for whitespace management, except that one new line will be added at the end if your literal text does NOT have trailing whitespace. So the above will get one new line added to it.
PerlTop blocks always appear in the generated httpd.conf in the order they appear in the Bigtop file and start immediately after the shebang line.
Note that PerlTop may not be soon enough, for statments like use Apache::DBI, if your httpd.conf has an earlier Perl block. In that case, you must work manually.
If you don't care where the statements fall, you can use a literal PerlBlock statement:
literal PerlBlock `use SomeModule;`;These and your controller blocks produce output in the order they appear in the bigtop file.
How do I put extra directives into httpd.conf?
You may include arbitrary things outside of the generated blocks like this:
literal HttpdConf `Include /some/file.conf`;These appear intermixed with location blocks in the same order as in the bigtop file. All of these come after the <Perl> block.
You may include additional directives in the base location for the app with literal Location statements:
literal Location
` AuthType Basic
AuthName "Your Realm"
PerlAuthenHandler Gantry::Control::C::Authen
PerlAuthzHandler Gantry::Control::C::Authz
require valid-user`;These appear literally immediately below any PerlSetVar statements.
You may include directives in other location blocks by putting literal Location statments inside your controller's block:
controller SecureSubLocation {
# ...
literal Location ` require group SecretAgent`;
}Gantry conrollers
What does the Gantry Control backend make?
Gantry controllers usually make two pieces: a stub and a GEN module (but the GEN module will not be made if there are no methods to put in it). The GEN module is designed to be regenerated as changes to the app arise. For this reason, you should not edit the GEN module. Rather, put your code in the stub.
app Apps::Name {
#...
controller SomeModule {
#...
}
}This will make Apps/Name/SomeModule.pm and Apps/Name/GEN/SomeModule.pm. You shouldn't need to edit the GEN module. If it is wrong, update your Bigtop file and regenerate.
How do I associate a controller with a table?
Use a controls_table statment to associate your controller with a table:
controller SomeTableController {
controls_table sometable;
}This has one basic effect: it includes a use statement for the table's model module in your stub and GEN modules. That use statement will import the abbreviated model name. In the example the table has a name like:
package Apps::Name::Model::sometable;But, it exports $SOMETABLE as an abbreviation for that package name. So, the generated statement (repeated in the stub and GEN modules) is:
use Apps::Name::Model::sometable qw( $SOMETABLE );In addition to the basic effect of controls_table, it is also used by methods of type AutoCRUD_form and CRUD_form to make sure the requested fields are available in the controlled table.
Note, that a controller will only control one table as generated. If you need to work with other tables, you'll have to write some code.
How do I get a stub method in my controller?
If you need a method stubbed in without useful code, you can say:
controller Name {
method empty is stub {
extra_args `$id`;
}
}This will make:
#-------------------------------------------------
# $self->empty( $id )
#-------------------------------------------------
sub empty {
my ( $self, $id ) = @_;
}(Note that extra_args is optional.)
You then fill in the operative bits.
Note that adding stub methods to your Bigtop file once your stub module exists will have no effect, since regeneration never alters existing stubs. To force generation rename or delete the stub module.
How do I use Gantry's AutoCRUD?
Gantry's AutoCRUD supplies do_add, do_edit, and do_delete for simple tables. To use it say
controller Simple is AutoCRUD {
method form is AutoCRUD_form {
form_name simple
fields name, address;
extra_keys
legend => `$self->path_info =~ /edit/i ? 'Edit' : 'Add'`;
}
}This makes the following stub:
package Apps::AppName::Simple;
use strict;
use base 'Apps::AppName';
use Apps::AppName::GEN::Simple qw(
form
);
use Gantry::Plugins::AutoCRUD qw(
do_add
do_edit
do_delete
form_name
);
#-----------------------------------------------------------------
# $self->form( $row )
#-----------------------------------------------------------------
# This method supplied by Apps::Checkbook::GEN::TransBigtop makes a note in the stub for each method it is mixing in from the GEN module.
Note that both the GEN module and Gantry::Plugins::AutoCRUD are mixins (they export methods). If you don't want their standard methods, don't include them in the import lists. But, if you don't want the ones from Gantry::Plugins::AutoCRUD, you probably want real CRUD (see below).
How do I use Gantry's CRUD?
Gantry's AutoCRUD has quite a bit of flexibility (e.g. it has pre and post callbacks for add, edit, and delete), but sometimes it isn't enough. Even when it is enough, some people prefer explicit schemes to implicit ones. CRUD is more explicit. To use it do this:
controller NotSoSimple is CRUD {
text_description `Not So Simple Item`;
method my_crud_form is CRUD_form {
form_name simple
fields name, address;
extra_keys
legend => `$self->path_info =~ /edit/i ? 'Edit' : 'Add'`;
}
}There are only a couple of differences from the AutoCRUD version above. The controller type is just CRUD; the form method is called my_crud_form and has type CRUD_form.
Note that it is important to use a method name that ends in _form, but don't use just _form. The backend says:
my ( $crud_name = $method_name ) =~ s/_form$//;So using _form as the name (which is required for AutoCRUD) will make Bad Things happen for CRUD.
The above produces a lot of code. I'll show it a piece at a time with running commentary interspersed. It makes a CRUD object:
my $my_crud = Gantry::Plugins::CRUD->new(
add_action => \&my_crud_add,
edit_action => \&my_crud_edit,
delete_action => \&my_crud_delete,
form => \&my_crud_form,
redirect => \&my_crud_redirect,
text_descr => 'Not So Simple Item',
use_clean_dates => 1,
);It makes do_add, do_edit, and do_delete. For example:
#-------------------------------------------------
# $self->do_add( )
#-------------------------------------------------
sub do_add {
my $self = shift;
$my_crud->add( $self, { data => \@_ } );
}(do_edit and do_delete are similar.)
Finally, it provides the callbacks. For example:
#-------------------------------------------------
# $self->my_crud_add( $id )
#-------------------------------------------------
sub my_crud_add {
my ( $self, $params, $data ) = @_;
# make a new row in the $YOUR_TABLE table using data from $params
# remember to commit
}It also makes my_crud_edit, my_crud_delete, and my_crud_redirect. Note that you don't get actual code for updating your database, just comments telling you what normal people do. Of course, abnormality is one of the main reasons for using CRUD instead of AutoCRUD, so take the comments with a grain of salt.
Note that if you have more than one method of type CRUD_form, the bigtop backend will make multiple crud objects (each named for its form) and the callbacks for those objects. But it will also make multiple do_add, do_edit, and do_delete methods. They will make their calls through the proper crud object, but their names will be duplicated. In that case, you are on your own to change them to reasonable (i.e. non-clashing) names.
Using Gantry's ORM Help
What does the GantryDBIxClass Model backend make?
The Model GantryDBIxClass backend makes a pair of modules for each table. One is the stub module, the other is the GEN module. Once made, the stub is never regenerated, so put your code in it. The GEN module will be regenerated when you run bigtop.
config {
#...
Model GantryDBIxClass {}
}
app Apps::Name {
table some_table {
#...
}
}This makes Apps::Name::Model::some_table (the stub) and Apps::Name::Model::GEN::some_table (the GEN module). Note that the names are exactly the same as the table name. If you want capital letters, use them to name the table.
Due to the way that DBIx::Class binds the methods it makes on the fly, the GEN module mixes in to the stub by using this to start its file:
package Apps::Name::Model::some_table;So, the disk file is named Apps/Name/Model/GEN/some_table.pm, but the package statement is the same as the one in the stub. This will cause sub redefinition warnings, if you put a sub in the stub with the same name as one in the GEN module. Models generated by Model Gantry inherit from Gantry::Utils::Model, which allows inheritence instead of mixing in. These are the native models.
What does the GantryCDBI Model backend make?
The Model GantryCDBI backend makes modules exactly analogous to the Model GantryDBIxClass backend, but for use with Class::DBI. All of the same caveats apply.
We now prefer DBIx::Class over Class::DBI, since the later has difficultly sharing database handles with our older apps, which don't use ORMs.
How do I specify a primary key for my model?
Each table should have a single column primary key:
table name {
sequence name_seq;
field id { is int4, primary_key, auto; }
}This will put PRIMARY KEY in the sql for the column and tell the Model backend to make the column primary. This generates:
Apps::Name::Model::name->set_primary_key( 'id' );or the appropriate analog for your ORM.
How can I make my model inherit from a class of my choice?
Normally Model modules inherit from a Gantry::Utils:: module appropriate for their ORM. You can change that with the model_base_class statement:
table name {
model_base_class Gantry::Utils::AuthCDBI;
}The generated output will be the same, except for the base class. The model_base_class need not be in the Gantry::Utils:: namespace.
How can I alter the generated model's behavior?
To change the behavior of the generated model, put code in the stub or use model_base_class to change what it inherits from.
Gantry's home made models
What does the Gantry Model backend make?
The Gantry Model backend is simlar to the GantryDBIxClass Model backend. It makes two modules for each table. For example:
table name {
#...
}will yield App::Name::Model::name and App::Name::Model::GEN::name. Since these inherit from Gantry::Utils::Model, they don't have problems with binding run time generated methods to the proper package. This leaves them free to use inheritence instead of mixing in. The stub inherits from the GEN module which inherits from Gantry::Utils::Model, so the GEN module begins:
package Apps::Name::Model::GEN::name;
use base 'Gantry::Utils::Model;while the stub begins:
package Apps::Name::Model::name;
use base 'Apps::Name::Model::GEN::name';(actually the stub is also an exporter so it can provide an abbreviated name).
This means that you can safely override methods in the GEN module by simply writing a sub of the same name in the stub.
Summary of inheritence
Gantry::Utils::Model
Apps::Name::Model::GEN::name
Apps::Name::Model::nameHow do I specify a primary key for my model?
As for the other Model backends, include primary_key in the is statement for the primary column:
table name {
sequence name_seq;
field id { is int4, primary_key, auto; }
}You should use a sequence with the table, because Gantry::Utils::Model relies on it.
How can I make my model inherit from a class of my choice?
To change what the GEN model inherits from use the model_base_class statement:
table name {
model_base_class Gantry::Utils::Model::Auth;
#...
}The base class you specify should respond to the same api as Gantry::Utils::Model (which is a subset of Class::DBI).
How can I alter the generated models behavior?
To alter the generated behavior, override the offending method in your stub.