/ 
makepp-121021-test
/ makepp

NAME

makepp -- Compatible but improved replacement for make

SYNOPSIS

makepp [ -e ] [ -C dir ] [ -f makefile] [ -F makefile_or_dir ] [ -j n] [ -k ] [ -m method ] [ --noremake-makefiles ] [ --nowarn ] [ -q ] [ -R dir] [ --traditional-recursive-make ] [ -v ] [ --version ] [ VAR=value ... ] [ target ... ]

mpp [-options] [ VAR=value ... ] [ target ... ]

DESCRIPTION

Makepp, a build program which has a number of features that allow for reliable builds and simpler build files, is a drop-in replacement for GNU make. It supports almost all of the syntax that GNU make supports, and can be used with makefiles produced by utilities such as automake. It is called makepp (or make++) because it was designed with special support for C++, which has since been extended to other languages like Swig or embedded SQL. Also its relationship to make is analogous to C++'s relationship to C: it is almost 100% backward compatible but adds a number of new features and much better ways to write makefiles.

Makepp passes an extensive test-suite, and is used in several big projects. If you have any issues with the latest CVS version, holler, and we'll try to fix it quickly. Makepp runs with any version of Perl since 5.8.

The following manual pages contain further information on how to use makepp:

Tutorial

How to write a makefile. This is mostly intended for someone with little or no experience using any implementation of make.

Compilation Tutorial

What the Unix compilation commands do.

Release Notes

What changed with each release.

Incompatibilities

What works differently between GNU make and makepp.

Speedup

Various tips for making makepp go much faster.

Perl Performance

Various tips for making Perl (within your makefiles and elsewhere) go faster.

Cookbook

Quick answers to "How do I ...?" or "What's the best way to ...?"

FAQ

Quick answers to questions people have stumbled upon.

Build Algorithm

How makepp's build algorithm differs in fundamental ways from traditional make.

Build Cache

A build cache is a directory that stores the results of prior builds in case they are needed again in the same directory, or in a separate build in a different directory.

Build Check Methods

How makepp decides when to build.

Builtin Commands

Powerful, efficient commands available everwhere makepp 2.0 or newer is.

Builtin Rules

For very simple programs, you may not need a makefile at all! These are the builtin rules that makepp knows about.

Compatibility

Where and and with what version of Perl makepp works.

Extending

How you can add functions to makepp by writing your own Perl code.

Functions

Functions for text manipulation and various other purposes.

Repositories

Repositories are a technique that simplifies both variant builds and keeping a central set of sources.

Rules

Specifying rules to build files.

Sandboxes

Using sandboxes to partition the build.

Scanning

How makepp scans for dependencies like include files.

Signatures

How makepp decides when files have changed.

Statements

Additional directives to control makepp.

Variables

Using variables to simplify rules.

makepp, mpp

Command line syntax of the main utility.

makeppclean, mppc

An efficient stand-alone cleanup script to remove files generated by makepp.

makeppgraph, mppg

A stand-alone utility to graphically analyze dependencies and the reasons for a rebuild.

makeppinfo, mppi

A stand-alone utility to readably dump the build info makepp remembers about each file.

makepplog, mppl

A stand-alone utility to analyze dependencies and the reasons for a rebuild.

makeppreplay, mppr

A stand-alone utility to repeat things makepp has done, but much faster.

Index

All keywords, functions and operators in makepp.

Features

Automatic scanning for include files

Makepp scans automatically for include files. This obviates the need for tools like makedepend. Makepp's scanner works even if the included files don't exist yet but have to be built. (This is true no matter where on the include path they come from, unlike programs that depend on gcc's -MM -MG option.) Makepp has a flexible system for doing this which is based on scanning the build command; you can adapt it for other languages or build commands by writing a Perl subroutine.

Better system for hierarchical builds

Makepp has a better system for handling builds involving multiple directories and multiple makefiles. The traditional technique is to have make invoke itself recursively in each directory. Depending on how complicated the interdependencies are, several recursive passes are sometimes needed. This makes the makefiles very complicated if they guarantee a correct build. The real problem is that unless dependencies are trivial (e.g., just one library file), it is almost impossible to express accurately dependencies of targets in one makefile in terms of targets from the other makefile. Unix make isn't smart enough to realize that a target in one makefile depends on a file that is a target in a lower-level makefile; it can't take build commands from the lower-level makefile while it is trying to build the target in the upper-level makefile. So the usual solution is to build everything that can be built with the lower-level makefiles, hoping that that's adequate to build everything that's needed for the upper-level makefile.

Makepp loads all the needed makefiles in at once, so it has no problem dealing with situations where a file from one makefile depends on a file produced by a different makefile. Makepp cd's automatically to the directory containing the makefile before executing a command from a makefile, so each makefile may be written independently without knowledge of the top-level build directory. But if access to the root of your build tree is important (e.g. because that's where your include directory resides), you can name the makefile in that directory specially. Then makepp gives you the path to that directory in a variable.

Makepp also can figure out where all the makefiles for the entire project are without being told, if each makefile is in the same directory as the files it is supposed to produce. This can also simplify makefiles a great deal.

For more details on building with multiple directories, see "Tips for multiple directories" in makepp_cookbook.

Reliable wildcards

Makefiles can use wildcards reliably, because wild cards match either files that exist, or files that do not yet exist but makepp knows how to build. So even for a program with dozens of modules, your entire makefile could simply read something like this:

   CXX = g++
   CXXFLAGS = -g

   %.o : %.c
   	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $(input) -o $(output)

   my_program: *.o
   	$(CXX) $(inputs) -o $(output)

and this will work even if none of the .o files have been built yet.

Reliable builds: remembers build command

Makepp keeps track of the build commands, so that if compilation options change, files are automatically rebuilt. This is important to guarantee correct builds. (This idea was taken from Bob Sidebothem's "cons" utility, which was described in the Perl Journal in 1998 and is available from CPAN.)

To illustrate why this is important, consider the following structure definition:

class ABC {
  int x;
#ifndef SPECIAL_OPTION
  int y;
#endif
  int z;
};

Now suppose you decide to turn on the SPECIAL_OPTION option by adding -DSPECIAL_OPTION to the command line. A recompilation of everything is needed, but a traditional Unix make will not detect this, and will only recompile source files which have actually changed. As a result, some of your modules will be compiled with -DSPECIAL_OPTION, and others won't. After a very frustrating debugging session, you will discover that all that needs to be done is to rebuild everything. Then you will curse make and hopefully switch to an improved implementation of it, like makepp. At least, that's what I did.

As another example, suppose that you are working on a project which is pretty well debugged, so it's usually compiled with -O2. Now you run into a bug which you need to look at in the debugger. Code compiled with optimization is difficult to examine in the debugger, so you want to recompile your code so that you can look at it. If your makefile is set up to store the compiler options in the usual variables, you can just do this:

makepp CFLAGS=-g CXXFLAGS=-g

and makepp will know that the command line has changed for all the modules. Then when you've found your bug, just type

makepp

and it will be recompiled with optimization. You don't need to type make clean when you change build options.

Some makefiles (e.g., those for the Linux kernel) go to incredible lengths to force recompilation when the compile command changes. With makepp, it's taken care of automatically--you don't have to do anything.

Reliable builds: exact matching of signature

By default, makepp doesn't merely ensure that all targets are newer than all dependencies; if you replace a dependency with an older file, makepp knows that it has to rebuild the target, simply because the input file has changed. This is another important feature to guarantee correct builds which was taken from the "cons" utility.

Smart signature calculations

Some modifications to source files do not actually require a rebuild. For example, if you just change a comment line, or if you reindent some code, there is no particular reason to force a compilation. For C/C++ compilation, makepp determines whether a file needs recompilation by computing a cryptographic checksum of the file's contents, ignoring comments and whitespace, instead of looking at the file time.

This is particularly useful if you have include files that are generated by files that change, and yet the generated include files themselves seldom change. Suppose you have a complicated yacc grammar in your program, with a build rule like this:

y.tab.c y.tab.h: parser.y
	yacc -d parser.y

Ordinarily, every time you make even a tiny change to parser.y, every file that depends on y.tab.h must be rebuilt since the file time of y.tab.h has changed. However, most changes to parser.y won't actually change the contents of y.tab.h (except possibly a comment), so all that recompilation is unnecessary.

Repositories

Makepp can automatically incorporate files from a different directory tree (the "repository") into the current build tree as needed. (This idea was also taken from the "cons" program.) This has several interesting uses:

Variant builds

Suppose you have been compiling your program with optimization on and debugging off. Now a bug crops up and you have to recompile everything with debugging enabled. Once you find the bug, however, you're going to turn debugging off and optimization back on, and with most make programs you would have to recompile all the sources again, even the ones that did not change. The procedure would look like this:

% makepp CFLAGS=-O2			# Compile everything.
# oops, bug discovered here
% makepp CFLAGS=-g			# Recompiles everything again.
gdb my_program
# ... find the bug
% makepp CFLAGS=-O2			# Recompiles everything a third time.

With makepp, you can simply cd to an empty directory, and specify your original directory as a repository. This will create new object files in the empty directory, while leaving your old object files intact. Now you can find the bug in the directory compiled with debug, fix it in your original sources, and then go back to your original directory. Now only the few files that you changed actually need to be recompiled.

The entire procedure would look like this:

% makepp CFLAGS=-O2			# Compile everything.
# oops, bug discovered here
% mkdir debugging
% cd debugging
% makepp -R .. CFLAGS=-g		# Compile with debugging enabled, but
					# put objects in debugging subdir.
% gdb my_program
# ... find the bug
% cd ..				# Back to original directory.
% makepp CFLAGS=-O2			# Recompiles only those files
					# that you changed.

This can be a tremendous savings in time if there are many modules.

Development team with common sources

Suppose you have a team of developers working on a standard set of sources. Each developer is making independent changes, but doesn't need to have a copy of the whole source tree. Using makepp's repositories, you can have each developer have copies only of the files he has changed. Makepp will automatically and temporarily create symbolic links for the other files that have not been changed to the corresponding files in the repository. It can even do this for object files which exist in the repository and do not need to be recompiled in the developer's individual directory.

Guarantee correct rules

If your rules do somthing which you didn't tell makepp about, the repository mechanism will not know to fetch those things. So something that builds normally but fails from a repository tells you to fix your rules.

Automatic inference of needed .o files

Makepp can often infer exactly which objects are actually necessary without being explicitly told. If you use this feature, then if one of your source file includes xx.h, and there is a file called xx.o that makepp knows how to make, then makepp adds xx.o to the link command line. I don't use non-shared libraries now in many places where I used to, because makepp can automatically pick out the modules I need.

Correct handling of aliases for directories

Makepp won't be confused by soft links to a directory or by different relative filenames that refer to the same file. All directory paths to a file are recognized, including foo, ./foo, ../src/foo, /auto_mnt/somedisk/bob/src/foo, and /users/bob/src/foo.

Filenames with special characters

Makepp can support filenames with colons or spaces or other special characters that cause trouble for the traditional make. Just surround the filename with quotes. (See "Special characters" in makepp_rules for details.)

Extensible textual substutition functions

Makepp can use arbitrary Perl subroutines for textual substitution in the makefile. If you know Perl, you are not constrained at all by the set of makepp's builtin textual manipulation functions.

You can also simply write Perl code in your makefile. You can manipulate Make variables with the full power of the entire Perl language. See makepp_variables for details.

Logging of build decisions

By default, makepp makes a log-file viewable with makepplog, mppl that contains a description of every file that it tried to build, what rule was used to build it, what it depended on, and (if the file was rebuilt) why. This can be extremely useful for debugging a makefile--if you're wondering why makepp decided to rebuild a file, or why it didn't, you can just look in the log file where it explains the decisions.

Improved support for parallel builds

Makepp supports parallel compilations, but (unlike other make implementations) it won't mix output from separate processes which are running simultaneously.

Synonyms for cryptic variables

Makepp supports easier-to-remember synonyms for the cryptic make variables $@, $^, and $<. See makepp_variables for details.