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parrot-0.5.1
/ docs/pdds/draft/pdd09_gc.pod

NAME

docs/pdds/pdd09_gc.pod - Garbage Collection Subsystems

ABSTRACT

This PDD describes how DOD/GC systems work, and what's required of PMC classes.

DESCRIPTION

Doing DOD takes a bit of work--we need to make sure that everything is findable from the root set, and that we don't go messing up data shared between interpreters.

GC TERMS

GC Schemes

There are basically three general schemes to achieve garbage collection.

Reference counting

All objects have a count, how often they are refered to by other objects. If that count reaches zero, the object's space can be reclaimed. This scheme can't cope with reference loops, i.e, a loop of dead objects, all referencing one another but not reachable from elsewhere, never gets collected.

Mark and Sweep

Starting from the root set (Parrot registers, stacks, internal structures) all reachable objects (and objects reachable from these) are marked being alive.

Objects not reached are considered dead and get collected by a sweep through the objects arenas.

Copying collection

Live objects are copied into a new memory region. The old memory space can then be reclaimed.

GC Variants

There are several variants possible with the preceding schemes. These variants achieve different goals:

stop-the-world

During a GC cycle the processing of user code is stopped. Normal operation continues only after the whole GC cycle is performed. This can lead to arbitrary long pauses during program execution.

incremental

GC is done in small increments intermittent with normal program operation.

real-time

The pauses caused by GC don't exceed a certain limit.

concurrent

The GC system runs as a separate thread and really concurrently on a multi-processor machine.

parallel

Multiple threads participate in GC.

generational

The object space is divided between a young generation (short-lived temporaries) and one or more old generations. Not scanning the old generation repeatedly can considerably speed up GC.

GC SUBSYSTEMS

Fix-sized Headers

All managed objects (PMCs, Strings, Buffers) inside Parrot are subject to garbage collection. As these objects aren't allowed to move after creation, garbage collection is done by a non-copying scheme. Further: as we have to cope with pointers to objects on the C stack and in CPU registers, the garbage collection scheme is a conservative one.

DOD/GC is normally triggered by allocation of new objects, which happens usually from some stack nesting below the run-loop. There is a small chance that an integer on the C stack is misinterpreted as a pointer to an object. This object would kept alive in such a case.

The live-ness information gained by dead object detection (DOD) is also the base for collecting variable sized-data that may hang off buffers.

Variable-sized Buffer Memory

Variable-sized memory like string memory gets collected, when the associated header isn't found to be alive during DOD. While a copying collection could basically[1] be done at any time, it's inefficient to copy buffers of objects that are non yet detected being dead. This implies that before a collection in the memory pools is run, a DOD run for fixed-sized headers is triggered.

[1] Dead objects stay dead, there is no possibility of a reusal of dead objects.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FIXED-SIZED HEADER GC

General Notes

GC subsystems are rather independent. The goal for Parrot is just to provide new object headers in the fastest possible way. How that is achieved can be considered as an implementation detail.

While GC subsystems are independent they may share some code to reduce Parrot memory footprint. E.g. stop-the-world mark and sweep and incremental mark and sweep use the same arena structures and share arena creation and DOD routines.

Initialization

Currently only one GC system is active (selected at configure or compile time). But future versions might support switching GC systems during runtime to accommodate for different work loads.

void Parrot_gc_XXX_init(Interp *)

Initialize GC system named XXX.

Called from src/memory.c:mem_setup_allocator() after creating arena_base. The initialization code is responsible for the creation of the header pools and has to fill the following function pointer slots in arena_base:

Arena_base function pointers

void (*do_dod_run) (Interp *, int flags)

Trigger or perform a DOD/GC run.

Flags is one of:

DOD_trace_normal | DOD_trace_stack_FLAG

Run a normal GC cycle. This is normally called by resource shortage in the buffer memory pools before a collection is run. The bit named DOD_trace_stack_FLAG indicates that the C-stack (and other system areas like the processor registers) have to be traced too.

The implementation might or might not actually run a full GC cycle. If e.g an incremental GC system just has finished the mark phase, it would do nothing. OTOH if no objects are currently marked live, the implementation should run the mark phase, so that copying of dead objects is avoided.

DOD_lazy_FLAG

Do a timely destruction run. The goal is to either detect all objects that need timely destruction or to do a full collection. In the former case the collection can be interrupted or postponed. This is called from the Parrot run-loop. No system areas have to be traced.

DOD_finish_FLAG

Called during interpreter destruction. The GC subsystem must clear the live state of all objects and perform a sweep in the PMC header pool, so that destructors and finalizers get called.

DOD_no_trace_volatile_roots

Trace root set except volatile roots. That is skip e.g. registers.

void (*de_init_gc_system) (Interp *)

Called during interpreter destruction. Free used resources and memory pools.

void (*mark_object) (Interp *, Pobj*)

Mark the object being live. This function gets invoked by the function:

pobject_lives(Interp *, PObj *)

... which might do nothing if the object is already marked live.

void (*init_pool) (Interp *, struct Small_Object_Pool *)

A function to initialize the given pool. This function should set the following object allocation functions for the given pool.

Object allocation

Each header pool provides one function pointer to get a new object from that pool.

PObj * (*get_free_object) (Interp *, struct Small_Object_Pool*)

It should return one free object from the given pool. Object flags are returned clear, except flags that are used by the garbage collector itself. If the pool is a buffer header pool, all other object memory is zeroed.

Write Barrier

The GC subsystem has to provide these (possibly empty) macros:

DOD_WRITE_BARRIER(Interp *, PMC *agg, PMC *old, PMC *new)

This macro is invoked when in aggregate agg the element old is getting overritten by new. Both old and new may be NULL.

DOD_WRITE_BARRIER_KEY(Interp *, PMC *agg, PMC *old, PObj *old_key, PMC *new, PObj *new_key)

Like above. Invoked when a hash key is inserted, possibly replacing an old key.

The Arena_base structure

The arena_base holds the mentioned function pointers, pointers to the header pools, some statistic counters, and a pointer void *gc_private reserved for the GC subsystem.

The GC subsystem is responsible for updating the appropriate statistic fields of the structure.

Blocking GC

Being able to block GC and DOD is important--you'd hate to have the newly allocated Buffers or PMCs you've got yanked out from underneath you. That'd be no fun. Use the following routines to control GC:

Parrot_block_DOD(Interp *interpreter)

Block DOD for the passed interpreter. (But not GC)

Parrot_block_GC(Interp *interpreter)

Block GC for the passed interpreter. (But not DOD)

Parrot_unblock_DOD(Interp *interpreter)

Unblock DOD for the passed interpreter. (But not GC)

Parrot_unblock_GC(Interp *interpreter)

Unblock GC for the passed interpreter. (But not DOD)

Note that the blocking is recursive--if you call Parrot_block_DOD() three times in succession, you need to call Parrot_unblock_DOD() three times to re-enable DOD.

Important flags

For PMCs and Buffers to be collected properly, you must get the flags set on them properly. Otherwise Bad Things Will Happen.

Note: don't manipulate these flags directly. Always use the macros defined in include/parrot/pobj.h.

PObj_active_destroy_FLAG

The PMC has some sort of active destructor, and will have that destructor called when the PMC is destroyed.

PObj_custom_mark_FLAG

The mark vtable slot will be called during DOD. The mark function must call pobject_lives for all non-NULL objects that PMC refers to.

Please note that pobject_lives may be a macro.

PObj_data_is_PMC_array_FLAG

Set if the data pointer points to an array of objects. The length of the array is PMC_int_val(SELF).

PObj_external_FLAG

Set if the buffer points to memory that came from outside Parrot's memory system.

PObj_sysmem_FLAG

Set if the memory came from the system malloc. When the buffer is considered dead, the memory will be freed back to the system.

PObj_COW_FLAG

The buffer's memory is copy on write. Any changes to the buffer must first have the buffer's memory copied. The COW flag should then be removed.

The following flags can be used by the GC subsystem:

PObj_live_FLAG

The system considers the object to be alive for collection purposes.

PObj_on_free_list_FLAG

The object is unused, and on the free list for later allocation.

PObj_custom_GC_FLAG

DWIM.

ATTACHMENTS

None.

FOOTNOTES

None.

REFERENCES

None.

VERSION

CURRENT

Maintainer: Dan Sugalski
Class: Internals
PDD Number: 9
Version: 1.2
Status: Developing
Last Modified: 26 August 2004
PDD Format: 1
Language: English

HISTORY

Version 1.2

26 August 2004

Version 1.1

26 February 2002

version 1

None. First version

CHANGES

Version 1.2

Removed old flags. Documented GC schemes and subsystem interface.

Version 1.1

Started documenting the internal routines

Version 1.0

None. First version

REFERENCES

"A unified theory of garbage collection" <http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1028982>