NAME

URI::Fast - A fast(er) URI parser

SYNOPSIS

use URI::Fast qw(uri);

my $uri = uri 'http://www.example.com/some/path?fnord=slack&foo=bar';

if ($uri->scheme =~ /http(s)?/) {
  my @path  = $uri->path;
  my $fnord = $uri->param('fnord');
  my $foo   = $uri->param('foo');
}

if ($uri->path =~ /\/login/ && $uri->scheme ne 'https') {
  $uri->scheme('https');
  $uri->param('upgraded', 1);
}

DESCRIPTION

URI::Fast is a faster alternative to URI. It is written in C and provides basic parsing and modification of a URI.

URI is an excellent module; it is battle-tested, robust, and handles many edge cases. As a result, it is rather slower than it would otherwise be for more trivial cases, such as inspecting the path or updating a single query parameter.

EXPORTED SUBROUTINES

Subroutines are exported on demand.

uri

Accepts a URI string, minimally parses it, and returns a URI::Fast object.

Note: passing a URI::Fast instance to this routine will cause the object to be interpolated into a string (via "to_string"), effectively creating a clone of the original URI::Fast object.

iri

Similar to "uri", but returns a URI::Fast::IRI object. A URI::Fast::IRI differs from a URI::Fast in that UTF-8 characters are permitted and will not be percent-encoded when modified.

uri_split

Behaves (hopefully) identically to URI::Split, but roughly twice as fast.

encode/decode/uri_encode/uri_decode

See "ENCODING".

CONSTRUCTORS

new

If desired, both URI::Fast and URI::Fast::IRI may be instantiated using the default constructor, new.

my $uri = URI::Fast->new('http://www.example.com');

new_abs

Builds a new URI::Fast from a relative URI string and makes it "absolute" in relation to $base.

my $uri = URI::Fast->new_abs('some/path', 'http://www.example.com/fnord');
$uri->to_string; # "http://www.example.com/fnord/some/path"

ATTRIBUTES

All attributes serve as full accessors, allowing the URI segment to be both retrieved and modified.

Each attribute defines a raw_* method, which returns the raw, encoded string value for that attribute.

Each attribute further has a matching clearer method (clear_*) which unsets its value.

In general, accessors accept an unencoded string and set their slot value to the encoded value. They return the decoded value. See "ENCODING" for an in depth description of their behavior as well as an explanation of the more complex behavior of compound fields.

scheme

Gets or sets the scheme portion of the URI (e.g. http), excluding ://.

auth

The authorization section is composed of the username, password, host name, and port number:

hostname.com
someone@hostname.com
someone:secret@hostname.com:1234

Setting this field may be done with a string (see the note below about "ENCODING") or a hash reference of individual field names (usr, pwd, host, and port). In both cases, the existing values are completely replaced by the new values and any values missing from the caller-supplied input are deleted.

usr

The username segment of the authorization string. Updating this value alters "auth".

pwd

The password segment of the authorization string. Updating this value alters "auth".

host

The host name segment of the authorization string. May be a domain string or an IP address. If the host is an IPV6 address, it must be surrounded by square brackets (per spec), which are included in the host string. Updating this value alters "auth".

port

The port number segment of the authorization string. Updating this value alters "auth".

path

In scalar context, returns the entire path string. In list context, returns a list of path segments, split by /.

my $uri = uri '/foo/bar';
my $path = $uri->path;  # "/foo/bar"
my @path = $uri->path;  # ("foo", "bar")

The path may also be updated using either a string or an array ref of segments:

$uri->path('/foo/bar');
$uri->path(['foo', 'bar']);

This differs from the behavior of "path_segments" in URI, which considers the leading slash separating the path from the authority section to be an individual segment. If this behavior is desired, the lower level split_path_compat is available. split_path_compat (and its partner, split_path), always return an array reference.

my $uri = uri '/foo/bar';
$uri->split_path;         # ['foo', 'bar'];
$uri->split_path_compat;  # ['', 'foo', 'bar'];

query

In scalar context, returns the complete query string, excluding the leading ?. The query string may be set in several ways.

$uri->query("foo=bar&baz=bat"); # note: no percent-encoding performed
$uri->query({foo => 'bar', baz => 'bat'}); # foo=bar&baz=bat
$uri->query({foo => 'bar', baz => 'bat'}, ';'); # foo=bar;baz=bat

In list context, returns a hash ref mapping query keys to array refs of their values (see "query_hash").

Both '&' and ';' are treated as separators for key/value parameters.

frag

The fragment section of the URI, excluding the leading #.

METHODS

query_keys

Does a fast scan of the query string and returns a list of unique parameter names that appear in the query string.

Both '&' and ';' are treated as separators for key/value parameters.

query_hash

Scans the query string and returns a hash ref of key/value pairs. Values are returned as an array ref, as keys may appear multiple times. Both '&' and ';' are treated as separators for key/value parameters.

May optionally be called with a new hash of parameters to replace the query string with, in which case keys may map to scalar values or arrays of scalar values. As with all query setter methods, a third parameter may be used to explicitly specify the separator to use when generating the new query string.

param

Gets or sets a parameter value. Setting a parameter value will replace existing values completely; the "query" string will also be updated. Setting a parameter to undef deletes the parameter from the URI.

$uri->param('foo', ['bar', 'baz']);
$uri->param('fnord', 'slack');

my $value_scalar = $uri->param('fnord'); # fnord appears once
my @value_list   = $uri->param('foo');   # foo appears twice
my $value_scalar = $uri->param('foo');   # croaks; expected single value but foo has multiple

# Delete parameter
$uri->param('foo', undef); # deletes foo

# Ambiguous cases
$uri->param('foo', '');  # foo=
$uri->param('foo', '0'); # foo=0
$uri->param('foo', ' '); # foo=%20

Both '&' and ';' are treated as separators for key/value parameters when parsing the query string. An optional third parameter explicitly selects the character used to separate key/value pairs.

$uri->param('foo', 'bar', ';'); # foo=bar
$uri->param('baz', 'bat', ';'); # foo=bar;baz=bat

When unspecified, '&' is chosen as the default. In either case, all separators in the query string will be normalized to the chosen separator.

$uri->param('foo', 'bar', ';'); # foo=bar
$uri->param('baz', 'bat', ';'); # foo=bar;baz=bat
$uri->param('fnord', 'slack');  # foo=bar&baz=bat&fnord=slack

add_param

Updates the query string by adding a new value for the specified key. If the key already exists in the query string, the new value is appended without altering the original value.

$uri->add_param('foo', 'bar'); # foo=bar
$uri->add_param('foo', 'baz'); # foo=bar&foo=baz

This method is simply sugar for calling:

$uri->param('key', [$uri->param('key'), 'new value']);

As with "param", the separator character may be specified as the final parameter. The same caveats apply with regard to normalization of the query string separator.

$uri->add_param('foo', 'bar', ';'); # foo=bar
$uri->add_param('foo', 'baz', ';'); # foo=bar;foo=baz

query_keyset

Allows modification of the query string in the manner of a set, using keys without =value, e.g. foo&bar&baz. Accepts a hash ref of keys to update. A truthy value adds the key, a falsey value removes it. Any keys not mentioned in the update hash are left unchanged.

my $uri = uri '&baz&bat';
$uri->query_keyset({foo => 1, bar => 1}); # baz&bat&foo&bar
$uri->query_keyset({baz => 0, bat => 0}); # foo&bar

If there are key-value pairs in the query string as well, the behavior of this method becomes a little more complex. When a key is specified in the hash update hash ref, a positive value will leave an existing key/value pair untouched. A negative value will remove the key and value.

my $uri = uri '&foo=bar&baz&bat';
$uri->query_keyset({foo => 1, baz => 0}); # foo=bar&bat

An optional second parameter may be specified to control the separator character used when updating the query string. The same caveats apply with regard to normalization of the query string separator.

append

Serially appends path segments, query strings, and fragments, to the end of the URI. Each argument is added in order. If the segment begins with ?, it is assumed to be a query string and it is appended using "add_param". If the segment begins with #, it is treated as a fragment, replacing any existing fragment. Otherwise, the segment is treated as a path fragment and appended to the path.

my $uri = uri 'http://www.example.com/foo?k=v';
$uri->append('bar', 'baz/bat', '?k=v1&k=v2', '#fnord', 'slack');
# 'http://www.example.com/foo/bar/baz/bat/slack?k=v&k=v1&k=v2#fnord'

to_string

as_string

"$uri"

Stringifies the URI, encoding output as necessary. String interpolation is overloaded.

compare

$uri eq $other

Compares the URI to another, returning true if the URIs are equivalent. Overloads the eq operator.

clone

Sugar for:

my $uri = uri '...';
my $clone = uri $uri;

absolute

Builds an absolute URI from a relative URI and a base URI string. Adheres as strictly as possible to the rules for resolving a target URI in RFC3986 section 5.2. Returns a new URI::Fast object representing the absolute, merged URI.

my $uri = uri('some/path')->absolute('http://www.example.com/fnord');
$uri->to_string; # "http://www.example.com/fnord/some/path"

abs

Alias of "absolute".

relative

Builds a relative URI using a second URI (either a URI::Fast object or a string) as a base. Unlike "rel" in URI, ignores differences in domain and scheme assumes the caller wishes to adopt the base URL's instead. Aside from that difference, it's behavior should mimic "rel" in URI's.

my $uri = uri('http://example.com/foo/bar')->relative('http://example.com/foo');
$uri->to_string; # "foo/bar"

my $uri = uri('http://example.com/foo/bar/')->relative('http://example.com/foo');
$uri->to_string; # "foo/bar/"

rel

Alias of "relative".

normalize

Similar to "canonical" in URI, performs a minimal normalization on the URI. Only generic normalization described in the rfc is performed; no scheme-specific normalization is done. Specifically, the scheme and host members are converted to lower case, dot segments are collapsed in the path, and any percent-encoded characters in the URI are converted to upper case.

canonical

Alias of "normalize".

ENCODING

URI::Fast tries to do the right thing in most cases with regard to reserved and non-ASCII characters. URI::Fast will fully encode reserved and non-ASCII characters when setting individual values and return their fully decoded values. However, the "right thing" is somewhat ambiguous when it comes to setting compound fields like "auth", "path", and "query".

When setting compound fields with a string value, reserved characters are expected to be present, and are therefore accepted as-is. Any non-ASCII characters will be percent-encoded (since they are unambiguous and there is no risk of double-encoding them). Thus,

$uri->auth('someone:secret@Ῥόδος.com:1234');
print $uri->auth; # "someone:secret@%E1%BF%AC%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82.com:1234"

On the other hand, when setting these fields with a reference value (assumed to be a hash ref for "auth" and "query" or an array ref for "path"; see individual methods' docs for details), each field is fully percent-encoded, just as if each individual simple slot's setter had been called:

$uri->auth({usr => 'some one', host => 'somewhere.com'});
print $uri->auth; # "some%20one@somewhere.com"
print $uri->usr;; # "some one"

The same goes for return values. For compound fields returning a string, non-ASCII characters are decoded but reserved characters are not. When returning a list or reference of the deconstructed field, individual values are decoded of both reserved and non-ASCII characters.

'+' vs '%20'

Although no longer part of the standard, + is commonly used as the encoded space character (rather than %20); it is still official to the application/x-www-form-urlencoded type, and is treated as a space by "decode".

encode

Percent-encodes a string for use in a URI. By default, both reserved and UTF-8 chars (! * ' ( ) ; : @ & = + $ , / ? # [ ] %) are encoded.

A second (optional) parameter provides a string containing any characters the caller does not wish to be encoded. An empty string will result in the default behavior described above.

For example, to encode all characters in a query-like string except for those used by the query:

my $encoded = URI::Fast::encode($some_string, '?&=');

decode

Decodes a percent-encoded string.

my $decoded = URI::Fast::decode($some_string);

uri_encode

uri_decode

These are aliases of "encode" and "decode", respectively. They were added to make BLUEFEET happy after he made fun of me for naming "encode" and "decode" too generically.

In fact, these were originally aliased as url_encode and url_decode, but due to some pedantic whining on the part of BGRIMM, they have been renamed to uri_encode and uri_decode.

escape_tree

unescape_tree

Traverses a data structure, escaping or unescaping defined scalar values in place. Accepts a reference to be traversed. Any further parameters are passed unchanged to "encode" or "decode". Croaks if the input to escape/unescape is a non-reference value.

my $obj = {
  foo => ['bar baz', 'bat%fnord'],
  bar => {baz => 'bat%bat'},
  baz => undef,
  bat => '',
};

URI::Fast::escape_tree($obj);

# $obj is now:
{
  foo => ['bar%20baz', 'bat%25fnord'],
  bar => {baz => 'bat%25bat'},
  baz => undef,
  bat => '',
}

URI::Fast::unescape_tree($obj); # $obj returned to original form

URI::Fast::escape_tree($obj, '%'); # escape but allow "%"

# $obj is now:
{
  foo => ['bar%20baz', 'bat%fnord'],
  bar => {baz => 'bat%bat'},
  baz => undef,
  bat => '',
}

EXTRAS

html_url

Parses a URI string, first removing whitespace characters ignored in URLs found in HTML documents, replacing backslashes with forward slashes, and optionally defaulting the scheme to that of the document source URL when the URL begins with //.

my $url = html_url "https://www.slashdot.org";

# Inheriting the scheme from $url
my $recent = html_url "//www.slashdot.org/recent", $url;

CAVEATS

This module is designed to parse URIs according to RFC 3986. Browsers parse URLs using a different (but similar) algorithm and some strings that are valid URLs to browsers are not valid URIs to this module. The "html_url" function attempts to parse URLs more in line with how browsers do, but no guarantees are made as HTML standards and browser implementations are an ever shifting landscape.

SPEED

See URI::Fast::Benchmarks.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to ZipRecruiter for encouraging their employees to contribute back to the open source ecosystem. Without their dedication to quality software development this distribution would not exist.

CONTRIBUTORS

The following people have contributed to this module with patches, bug reports, API advice, identifying areas where the documentation is unclear, or by making fun of me for naming certain methods too generically.

Andy Ruder
Aran Deltac (BLUEFEET)
Ben Grimm (BGRIMM)
Dave Hubbard (DAVEH)
James Messrie
Martin Locklear
Randal Schwartz (MERLYN)
Sara Siegal (SSIEGAL)
Tim Vroom (VROOM)
Des Daignault (NAWGLAN)
Josh Rosenbaum

AUTHOR

Jeff Ober <sysread@fastmail.fm>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

To install URI::Fast, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm URI::Fast

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install URI::Fast

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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