NAME

Locale::Unicode::Data - Unicode CLDR SQL Data

SYNOPSIS

use Locale::Unicode::Data;
my $cldr = Locale::Unicode::Data->new;
# Do not decode SQL arrays into perl arrays. Defaults to true
# This uses JSON::XS
my $cldr = Locale::Unicode::Data->new( decode_sql_arrays => 0 );
my $datetime = $cldr->cldr_built;
my $str = $cldr->cldr_maintainer;
my $version = $cldr->cldr_version;
my $dbh = $cldr->database_handler;
my $sqlite_db_file = $cldr->datafile;
my $bool = $cldr->decode_sql_arrays;
# Deactivate automatic SQL arrays decoding
$cldr->decode_sql_arrays(0);
my $tree = $cldr->make_inheritance_tree( 'ja-JP' );
# ['ja-JP', 'ja', 'und']
my $tree = $cldr->make_inheritance_tree( 'es-Latn-001-valencia' );
# ['es-Latn-001-valencia', 'es-Latn-001', 'es-Latn', 'es', 'und']
# But...
my $tree = $cldr->make_inheritance_tree( 'pt-FR' );
# Because exceptionally, the parent of 'pt-FR' is not 'pt', but 'pt-PT'
# ['pt-FR', 'pt-PT', 'pt', 'und']
my $ref = $cldr->split_interval(
    pattern => "E, MMM d, y – E, MMM d, y G",
    greatest_diff => 'y',
);
# ["E, MMM d, y", " – ", "E, MMM d, y G", "E, MMM d, y"]

my $ref = $cldr->alias(
    alias => 'fro',
    type  => 'subdivision',
); # For 'Hauts-de-France'
my $all = $cldr->aliases;
# 'type' can be one of territory, language, zone, subdivision, variant, script
my $all = $cldr->aliases( type => 'territory' );
my $ref = $cldr->annotation( annotation => '{', locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->annotations;
# Get all annotations for locale 'en'
my $all = $cldr->annotations( locale => 'en' );
my $ref = $cldr->bcp47_currency( currid => 'jpy' );
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_currencies;
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_currencies( code => 'JPY' );
# Get all obsolete BCP47 currencies
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_currencies( is_obsolete => 1 );
my $ref = $cldr->bcp47_extension( extension => 'ca' );
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_extensions;
# Get all deprecated BCP47 extensions
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_extensions( deprecated => 1 );
my $ref = $cldr->bcp47_timezone( tzid => 'jptyo' );
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_timezones;
# Get all deprecated BCP47 timezones
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_timezones( deprecated => 1 );
# Returns information about Japanese Imperial calendar
my $ref = $cldr->bcp47_value( value => 'japanese' );
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_timezones;
# Get all the BCP47 values for the category 'calendar'
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_values( category => 'calendar' );
my $all = $cldr->bcp47_values( extension => 'ca' );
my $ref = $cldr->calendar( calendar => 'gregorian' );
my $all = $cldr->calendars;
# Known 'system' value: undef, lunar, lunisolar, other, solar
my $all = $cldr->calendars( system => 'solar' );
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_append_format(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
    format_id   => 'Day',
);
my $all = $cldr->calendar_append_formats;
my $all = $cldr->calendar_append_formats(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
);
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_available_format(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
    format_id   => 'Hms',
    count       => undef,
    alt         => undef,
);
my $all = $cldr->calendar_available_formats;
my $all = $cldr->calendar_available_formats( locale => 'en', calendar => 'gregorian' );
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_cyclic_l10n(
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'chinese',
    format_set      => 'dayParts',
    format_type     => 'format',
    format_length   => 'abbreviated',
    format_id       => 1,
);
my $all = $cldr->calendar_cyclics_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->calendar_cyclics_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->calendar_cyclics_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    calendar        => 'chinese',
    format_set      => 'dayParts',
    # Not really needed since 'format' is the only value being currently used
    # format_type   => 'format',
    format_length   => 'abbreviated',
);
my $all = $cldr->calendar_datetime_formats;
my $all = $cldr->calendar_datetime_formats(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
);
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_era(
    calendar => 'japanese',
    sequence => 236,
); # Current era 'reiwa'
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_era(
    calendar => 'japanese',
    code => 'reiwa',
); # Current era 'reiwa'
my $all = $cldr->calendar_eras;
my $all = $cldr->calendar_eras( calendar => 'hebrew' );
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_format_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    format_type => 'date',
    format_length => 'full',
    format_id => 'yMEEEEd',
);
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_era_l10n(
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    era_width => 'abbreviated',
    alt => undef,
    era_id => 0,
);
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_eras_l10n;
# Filter based on the 'locale' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_eras_l10n( locale => 'en' );
# Filter based on the 'calendar' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_eras_l10n( calendar => 'gregorian' );
# or a combination of multiple fields:
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_eras_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    era_width => 'abbreviated',
    alt => undef
);
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_format_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    # date, time
    format_type => 'date',
    # full, long, medium, short
    format_length => 'full',
    format_id => 'yMEEEEd',
);
my $all = $cldr->calendar_formats_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->calendar_formats_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
);
my $all = $cldr->calendar_formats_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    format_type => 'date',
    format_length => 'full',
);
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_interval_format(
    locale              => 'en',
    calendar            => 'gregorian',
    greatest_diff_id    => 'd',
    format_id           => 'GyMMMEd',
    alt                 => undef,
);
my $all = $cldr->calendar_interval_formats;
my $all = $cldr->calendar_interval_formats(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
);
my $ref = $cldr->calendar_term(
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    # format, stand-alone
    term_context    => 'format',
    # abbreviated, narrow, wide
    term_width      => 'abbreviated',
    term_name       => 'am',
);
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_terms;
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_terms(
    locale => 'und',
    calendar => 'japanese'
);
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_terms(
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    term_type       => 'day',
    term_context    => 'format',
    term_width      => 'abbreviated',
);
my $ref = $cldr->casing( locale => 'fr', token => 'currencyName' );
my $all = $cldr->casings;
my $all = $cldr->casings( locale => 'fr' );
my $ref = $cldr->code_mapping( code => 'US' );
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings;
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( type => 'territory' );
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( type => 'currency' );
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( alpha3 => 'USA' );
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( numeric => 840 ); # U.S.A.
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( numeric => [">835", "<850"] ); # U.S.A.
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( fips => 'JP' ); # Japan
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( fips => undef, type => 'currency' );
my $ref = $cldr->collation( collation => 'ducet' );
my $all = $cldr->collations;
my $all = $cldr->collations( description => qr/Chinese/ );
my $ref = $cldr->collation_l10n( locale => 'en', collation => 'ducet' );
my $all = $cldr->collations_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->collations_l10n( locale => 'ja', locale_name => qr/中国語/ );
my $ref = $cldr->currency( currency => 'JPY' ); # Japanese Yen
my $all = $cldr->currencies;
my $all = $cldr->currencies( is_obsolete => 1 );
my $ref = $cldr->currency_info( territory => 'FR', currency => 'EUR' );
my $all = $cldr->currencies_info;
my $all = $cldr->currencies_info( territory => 'FR' );
my $all = $cldr->currencies_info( currency => 'EUR' );
my $ref = $cldr->currency_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    count       => undef,
    currency    => 'JPY',
);
my $all = $cldr->currencies_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->currencies_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->currencies_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    currency    => 'JPY',
);
my $ref = $cldr->date_field_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    field_type      => 'day',
    field_length    => 'narrow',
    relative        => -1,
);
my $all = $cldr->date_fields_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->date_fields_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->date_fields_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    field_type      => 'day',
    field_length    => 'narrow',
);
my $ref = $cldr->day_period( locale => 'fr', day_period => 'noon' );
my $all = $cldr->day_periods;
my $all = $cldr->day_periods( locale => 'ja' );
# Known values for day_period: afternoon1, afternoon2, am, evening1, evening2, 
# midnight, morning1, morning2, night1, night2, noon, pm
my $all = $cldr->day_periods( day_period => 'noon' );
my $ids = $cldr->interval_formats(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
);
# Retrieve localised information for certain type of data
# Possible types are: annotation, calendar_append_format, calendar_available_format, 
# calendar_cyclic, calendar_era, calendar_format, calendar_interval_formats, 
# calendar_term, casing, currency, date_field, locale, number_format, number_symbol
# script, subdivision, territory, unit, variant
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'annotation',
    locale => 'en',
    annotation => '{',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    # or just 'append'
    type => 'calendar_append_format',
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    format_id => 'Day',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    # or just 'available'
    type => 'calendar_available_format',
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'japanese',
    format_id => 'GyMMMEEEEd',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    # or just 'cyclic'
    type => 'calendar_cyclic',
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'chinese',
    format_set => 'dayParts',
    # 1..12
    format_id => 1,
);
# Retrieve the information on current Japanese era (Reiwa)
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    # or just 'era'
    type => 'calendar_era',
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'japanese',
    # abbreviated, narrow
    # 'narrow' contains less data than 'abbreviated'
    era_width => 'abbreviated',
    era_id => 236,
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'calendar_format',
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    format_id => 'yMEEEEd',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    # or just 'interval'
    type => 'calendar_interval_format',
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    format_id => 'yMMM',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'calendar_term',
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    term_name => 'mon',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'casing',
    locale => 'fr',
    token => 'currencyName',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'currency',
    locale => 'ja',
    currency => 'EUR',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    # or just 'field'
    type => 'date_field',
    locale => 'ja',
    # Other possible values:
    # day, week, month, quarter, year, hour, minute, second,
    # mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun
    field_type  => 'day',
    # -1 for yesterday, 0 for today, 1 for tomorrow
    relative => -1,
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'locale',
    locale => 'ja',
    locale_id => 'fr',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'number_format',
    locale => 'ja',
    number_type => 'currency',
    format_id => '10000',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    # or just 'symbol'
    type => 'number_symbol',
    locale => 'en',
    number_system => 'latn',
    property => 'decimal',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'script',
    locale => 'ja',
    script => 'Kore',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'subdivision',
    locale => 'en',
    subdivision => 'jp13', # Tokyo
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'territory',
    locale => 'en',
    territory => 'JP', # Japan
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'unit',
    locale => 'en',
    unit_id => 'power3',
);
my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
    type => 'variant',
    locale => 'en',
    variant => 'valencia',
);
my $ref = $cldr->language( language => 'ryu' ); # Central Okinawan (Ryukyu)
my $all = $cldr->languages;
my $all = $cldr->languages( parent => 'gmw' );
my $all = $cldr->language_population( territory => 'JP' );
my $all = $cldr->language_populations;
my $all = $cldr->language_populations( official_status => 'official' );
my $ref = $cldr->likely_subtag( locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->likely_subtags;
my $ref = $cldr->locale( locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->locales;
my $ref = $cldr->locale_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    locale_id   => 'ja',
    alt         => undef,
);
my $all = $cldr->locales_l10n;
# Returns an array reference of all locale information in English
my $all = $cldr->locales_l10n( locale => 'en' );
# Returns an array reference of all the way to write 'Japanese' in various languages
# This would typically return an array reference of something like 267 hash reference
my $all = $cldr->locales_l10n( locale_id => 'ja' );
# This is basically the same as with the method locale_l10n()
my $all = $cldr->locales_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    locale_id   => 'ja',
    alt         => undef,
);
my $ref = $cldr->locales_info( property => 'quotation_start', locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->locales_infos;
my $ref = $cldr->metazone( metazone => 'Japan' );
my $all = $cldr->metazones;
my $ref = $cldr->number_format_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'latn',
    number_type     => 'currency',
    format_length   => 'short',
    format_type     => 'standard',
    alt             => undef,
    count           => 'one',
    format_id       => 1000,
);
my $all = $cldr->number_formats_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->number_formats_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->number_formats_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'latn',
    number_type     => 'currency',
    format_length   => 'short',
    format_type     => 'standard',
);
my $ref = $cldr->number_symbol_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'latn',
    property        => 'decimal',
    alt             => undef,
);
my $all = $cldr->number_symbols_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->number_symbols_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->number_symbols_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'latn',
);
# See also using rbnf
my $ref = $cldr->number_system( number_system => 'jpan' );
my $all = $cldr->number_systems;
my $ref = $cldr->person_name_default( locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->person_name_defaults;
my $ref = $cldr->rbnf(
    locale  => 'ja',
    ruleset => 'spellout-cardinal',
    rule_id => 7,
);
my $all = $cldr->rbnfs;
my $all = $cldr->rbnfs( locale => 'ko' );
my $all = $cldr->rbnfs( grouping => 'SpelloutRules' );
my $all = $cldr->rbnfs( ruleset => 'spellout-cardinal-native' );
my $ref = $cldr->reference( code => 'R1131' );
my $all = $cldr->references;
my $ref = $cldr->script( script => 'Jpan' );
my $all = $cldr->scripts;
# 'rtl' ('right-to-left' writing orientation)
my $all = $cldr->scripts( rtl => 1 );
my $all = $cldr->scripts( origin_country => 'FR' );
my $all = $cldr->scripts( likely_language => 'fr' );
my $ref = $cldr->script_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    script   => 'Latn',
    alt     => undef,
);
my $all = $cldr->scripts_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->scripts_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->scripts_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    alt     => undef,
);
my $ref = $cldr->subdivision( subdivision => 'jp12' );
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions;
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions( territory => 'JP' );
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions( parent => 'US' );
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions( is_top_level => 1 );
my $ref = $cldr->subdivision_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    # Texas
    subdivision => 'ustx',
);
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $ref = $cldr->territory( territory => 'FR' );
my $all = $cldr->territories;
my $all = $cldr->territories( parent => 150 );
my $ref = $cldr->territory_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    territory   => 'JP',
    alt         => undef,
);
my $all = $cldr->territories_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->territories_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->territories_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    alt     => undef,
);
my $ref = $cldr->time_format( region => 'JP' );
my $all = $cldr->time_formats;
my $all = $cldr->time_formats( region => 'US' );
my $all = $cldr->time_formats( territory => 'JP' );
my $all = $cldr->time_formats( locale => undef );
my $all = $cldr->time_formats( locale => 'en' );
my $ref = $cldr->timezone( timezone => 'Asia/Tokyo' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones;
my $all = $cldr->timezones( territory => 'US' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones( region => 'Asia' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones( tzid => 'sing' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones( tz_bcpid => 'sgsin' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones( metazone => 'Singapore' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones( is_golden => undef );
my $all = $cldr->timezones( is_golden => 1 );
my $all = $cldr->timezones( is_primary => 1 );
my $all = $cldr->timezones( is_canonical => 1 );
my $ref = $cldr->timezone_city(
    locale => 'fr',
    timezone => 'Asia/Tokyo',
);
my $all = $cldr->timezones_cities;
my $ref = $cldr->timezone_info(
    timezone    => 'Asia/Tokyo',
    start       => undef,
);
my $ref = $cldr->timezone_info(
    timezone    => 'Europe/Simferopol',
    start       => ['>1991-01-01', '<1995-01-01'],
);
my $all = $cldr->timezones_info;
my $all = $cldr->timezones_info( metazone => 'Singapore' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_info( start => undef );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_info( until => undef );
my $ref = $cldr->unit_alias( alias => 'meter-per-second-squared' );
my $all = $cldr->unit_aliases;
my $ref = $cldr->unit_constant( constant => 'lb_to_kg' );
my $all = $cldr->unit_constants;
my $ref = $cldr->unit_conversion( source => 'kilogram' );
my $all = $cldr->unit_conversions;
my $all = $cldr->unit_conversions( base_unit => 'kilogram' );;
my $all = $cldr->unit_conversions( category => 'kilogram' );
my $ref = $cldr->unit_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    # long, narrow, short
    format_length   => 'long',
    # compound, regular
    unit_type       => 'regular',
    unit_id         => 'length-kilometer',
    count           => 'one',
    gender          => undef,
    gram_case       => undef,
);
my $all = $cldr->units_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->units_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->units_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    format_length   => 'long',
    unit_type       => 'regular',
    unit_id         => 'length-kilometer',
    pattern_type    => 'regular',
);
my $ref = $cldr->unit_prefix( unit_id => 'micro' );
my $all = $cldr->unit_prefixes;
my $ref = $cldr->unit_pref( unit_id => 'square-meter' );
my $all = $cldr->unit_prefs;
my $all = $cldr->unit_prefs( territory => 'US' );
my $all = $cldr->unit_prefs( category => 'area' );
my $ref = $cldr->unit_quantity( base_unit => 'kilogram' );
my $all = $cldr->unit_quantities;
my $all = $cldr->unit_quantities( quantity => 'mass' );
my $ref = $cldr->variant( variant => 'valencia' );
my $all = $cldr->variants;
my $ref = $cldr->variant_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    alt     => undef,
    variant => 'valencia',
);
my $all = $cldr->variants_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->variants_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->variants_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    alt     => undef,
);
my $ref = $cldr->week_preference( locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->week_preferences;

With advanced search:

my $all = $cldr->timezone_info(
    timezone => 'Europe/Simferopol',
    start => ['>1991-01-01','<1995-01-01'],
);
my $all = $cldr->time_formats(
    region => '~^U.*',
);
my $all = $cldr->time_formats(
    region => qr/^U.*/,
);

Enabling fatal exceptions:

use v5.34;
use experimental 'try';
no warnings 'experimental';
try
{
    my $locale = Locale::Unicode::Data->new( fatal => 1 );
    # Missing the 'width' argument
    my $str = $cldr->timezone_names( timezone => 'Asia/Tokyo', locale => 'en' );
    # More code
}
catch( $e )
{
    say "Oops: ", $e->message;
}

Or, you could set the global variable $FATAl_EXCEPTIONS instead:

use v5.34;
use experimental 'try';
no warnings 'experimental';
$Locale::Unicode::Data::FATAl_EXCEPTIONS = 1;
try
{
    my $locale = Locale::Unicode::Data->new;
    # Missing the 'width' argument
    my $str = $cldr->timezone_names( timezone => 'Asia/Tokyo', locale => 'en' );
    # More code
}
catch( $e )
{
    say "Oops: ", $e->message;
}

VERSION

v1.0.0

DESCRIPTION

Locale::Unicode::Data provides access to all the data from the Unicode CLDR (Common Locale Data Repository), using a SQLite database. This is the most extensive up-to-date CLDR data you will find on CPAN. It is provided as SQLite data with a great many number of methods to access those data and make it easy for you to retrieve them. Thanks to SQLite, it is very fast.

SQLite version 3.6.19 (2009-10-14) or higher is required, as this module relies on foreign keys, which were not fully supported before. If the version is anterior, the module will return an error upon object instantiation.

It is designed to be extensive in the scope of data that can be accessed, while at the same time, memory-friendly. Access to each method returns data from the SQLite database on a need-basis.

All the data in this SQLite database are sourced directly and exclusively from the Unicode official CLDR data using a perl script available in this distribution under the scripts directory. Use perldoc scripts/create_database.pl or scripts/create_database.pl --man to access its POD documentation.

The CLDR data includes, by design, outdated ones, such as outdated currencies, country codes, or timezones, that CLDR keeps in order to ensure consistency and reliability. For example, for timezones, the Unicode LDML (Locale Data Markup Language) states that "CLDR contains locale data using a time zone ID from the tz database as the key, stability of the IDs is critical." and "Not all TZDB links are in CLDR aliases. CLDR purposefully does not exactly match the Link structure in the TZDB.". See https://unicode.org/reports/tr35/#Time_Zone_Identifiers

In CLDR parlance, a language is a 2 to 3-characters identifier, whereas a locale includes more information, such as a language, a script, a territory, a variant, and possibly much more information. See for that the Locale::Unicode module and the LDML specifications

Those locales also inherit data from their respective parents. For example, sr-Cyrl-ME would have the following inheritance tree: sr-ME, sr, and und

You can build a locale inheritance tree using make_inheritance_tree, and I recommend Locale::Unicode to build, parse and manipulate locales.

Also, in those CLDR data, there is not always a one-to-one match across all territories (countries) or languages, meaning that some territories or languages have more complete CLDR data than others.

CLDR also uses some default values to avoid repetitions. Those default values are stored in the World territory with code 001 and special language code und (a.k.a. unknown also referred as root)

Please note that the SQLite database is built to not be case sensitive in line with the LDML specifications.

This module documentation is not meant to be a replacement for the Unicode LDML (Locale Data Markup Language) documentation, so please make sure to read the LDML documentation and the CLDR specifications.

The data available from the CLDR via this module includes:

• ISO 4217 currencies, including BCP47 currencies, their localised names and their associated country historical usage.

• Calendar IDs with description in English

• Calendar eras, for some calendar systems, such as the japanese one.

• Territories (countries, or world regions)

  This includes, for countries, additional information such as GDP (Gross Domestic Product), literacy percentage, population size, languages spoken, possible other ISO 3166 codes contained by this territory (essentially world regions identified as 3-digits code, or special codes like EU or UN), the official currency, a list of calendar IDs (not always available for all territories), the first day of the week, the first and last day of the week-end

• Localised territory names

  This provides the name of a territory for a given locale

• Territories currencies history

• All known locales

  This includes the locale status, which may be regular, deprecated, special, reserved, private_use, or unknown

• Localised names of locales

  This provides the name of a locale for a given locale

• All known languages

  This may include its associated scripts and territories, and its parent language, if any.

  Its status may be regular, deprecated, special, reserved, private_use, or unknown

• All known scripts

  This includes possibly the script ID, its rank, a sample character, line break letter, whether it is right-to-left direction, if it has casing, if it requires shapping, its density, possibly its origin territory and its likely locale.

• Localised scripts

  This provides the name of a script for a given locale

• All known variants

  This includes the variant status, which may be regular, deprecated, special, reserved, private_use, or unknown

• Localised variants

  This provides the name of a variant for a given locale

• Time formats

  This includes the associated territory and locale, the default time format, such as H and the time allowed.

• Language population

  This provides information for a given territory and locale about the percentage of the population using that locale, their literacy percentage, and percentage of the population using in writing the locale, and its official status, which may be official, de_facto_official, and official_regional

• Likely subtags

  This provides for a given locale the likely target locale to expand to.

• Aliases

  This provides aliases for languages, scripts, territories, subdivisions, variants, and timezones

• Time zones

  This provides IANA Olson time zones, but also some other time zones, such as Etc/GMT. The CLDR data also includes former time zones for consistency and stability.

  The information includes possibly the associated territory, the region such as America or Europe, the time zone ID, such as japa, a meta zone, such as Europe_Central, a BCP47 time zone ID, and a boolean value whether the time zone is a golden time zone or not.

• Time zone information

  This provides historical time zone information, such as when it started and ended.

• Subdivisions

  Subdivisions are parts of a territory, such as a province like in Canada, a department like in France or a prefecture like in Japan.

  The information here includes a subdivision ID, possibly a parent, a boolean whether this is a top level subdivision for the given territory, and a status, which may be regular, deprecated, special, reserved, private_use, or unknown

• Localised subdivisions

  This contains the name of a subdivision for a given locale

• Numbering systems

  This provides information about numbering systems, including the numbering system ID, the digits from 0 to 9

• Week preference

  This contains the week ordering preferences for a given locale. Possible values are: weekOfYear, weekOfDate, weekOfMonth

• Day periods

  This contains the time representation of day period ID, such as midnight, noon, morning1, morning2, afternoon1, afternoon2, evening1, evening2, night1, night2 with values in hour and minute, such as 12:00 set in a start and until field.

• Code mappings

  This serves to map territory or currency codes with their well known equivalent in ISO and U.S. standard (FIPS10)

• Person name defaults

  This specifies, for a given locale, whether a person's given name comes first before the surname, or after.

• References

  This contains all the references behind the CLDR data.

• BCP47 time zones

  This contains BCP 47 time zones along with possible aliases and preferred time zone

• BCP47 currencies

  This includes the currency ID, an ISO 4217 code, description and a boolean value whether it is obsolete or not.

• BCP47 extensions

  This contains the extension category, extension ID, possibly alias, value type and description, and whether it is deprecated,

• BCP47 extension values

  This includes an extension category, and extension ID, an extension value and description.

• Annotations

  This provide annotations (single character like a symbol or an emoji) and default short description for a given locale

• RBNF (Rule-Based Number Format)

  This provides RBNF rules with its grouping value, such as SpelloutRules or OrdinalRules, the rule set ID such as spellout-numbering-year or spellout-cardinal, the rule ID such as Inf and the rule value.

• Casings

  This provides information about casing for a given locale

  It includes the locale, a token such as currencyName, language and a value, such as lowercase, titlecase

• Localised calendar terms

  This provides localised terms used in different parts of a calendar system, for a given locale and calendar ID.

• Localised calendar eras

  This provides the localised era names for a given locale and calendar ID.

• Localised calendar date, time and interval formattings

  This provides the CLDR DateTime formattings for a given locale and calendar ID.

• Language matching

  This provides a matching between a desired locale and what is actually supported, and a distance factor, which designed to be the opposite of a percentage, by Unicode. The desired locale can be a perl regular expression.

• Unit constants

  Some constant values declared for certain measurement units.

• Unit quantities

  Defines the quantity type for certain units.

• Unit conversions

  Define a list of unit conversion from one unit to another.

• Unit preferences by territories

  Defines what units are preferred by territory.

• Unit aliases

  Provides some aliases for otherwise outdated units.

• Localised units

  Localised unit formatting.

• Locale Number symbols

  Value used for each locale for approximately, currency_decimal, currency_group, decimal, exponential, group, infinity, list, minus, nan, per_mille, percent, plus, superscript, and time_separator

  Not every locale has a value for each of those properties though.

• Locale number formatting

  Localised formatting for currency or decimal numbers.

If you need a more granular access to the data, feel free to access the SQL data directly. You can retrieve a database handler, as an instance of the DBI API, or you can instantiate a connection yourself using the database file information

CONSTRUCTOR

new

This takes some hash or hash reference of options, instantiates a new Locale::Unicode::Data object, connects to the SQLite database file specified, or the default one, and returns the newly instantiated object.

If an error occurred, an error object is created and undef is returned in scalar context, or an empty list in list context.

Supported options are as follows. Each option can be later accessed or modified by their associated method.

• datafile

  The file path to the SQLite database file. If this option is not provided, the SQLite database file used will be the one set in the global variable $DB_FILE

• decode_sql_arrays

  Boolean value to enable or disable automatic decoding of SQL arrays into perl arrays using JSON::XS

  This is enabled by default.

  If you want to retrieve a lot of data and do not need access to those arrays, you should deactivate decoding to improve speed.

If an error occurs, an exception object is set and undef is returned in scalar context, or an empty list in list context. The exception object can then be retrieved using error, such as:

my $cldr = Locale::Unicode::Data->new( $somthing_bad ) ||
    die( Locale::Unicode::Data->error );

METHODS

alias

my $ref = $cldr->alias(
    alias => 'i_klingon',
    type  => 'language',
);

This would return an hash reference containing:

{
    alias_id    => 5,
    alias       => 'i_klingon',
    replacement => ["tlh"],
    reason      => 'deprecated',
    type        => 'language',
    comment     => 'Klingon',
}

Returns the language, script, territory, subdivision, variant, or zone aliases stored in table aliases for a given alias and an alias type.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• alias_id

  A unique incremental value provided by SQLite.

• alias

  The original value.

• replacement

  The replacement value for the alias

• reason

  Reason for the replacement.

  Known reasons are bibliographic, deprecated, legacy, macrolanguage, overlong

• type

  The type of alias.

  There are 6 types of aliases:

  1. language

  2. script

  3. subdivision

  4. territory

  5. variant

  6. zone

• comment

  A possible comment

aliases

my $array_ref = $cldr->aliases;
# Filtering based on type
my $array_ref = $cldr->aliases( type => 'language' );
my $array_ref = $cldr->aliases( type => 'script' );
my $array_ref = $cldr->aliases( type => 'subdivision' );
my $array_ref = $cldr->aliases( type => 'territory' );
my $array_ref = $cldr->aliases( type => 'variant' );
my $array_ref = $cldr->aliases( type => 'zone' );

Returns all the data stored in table aliases as an array reference of hash reference.

If an type option is provided, it will return only all the data matching the given type.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

annotation

my $ref = $cldr->annotation( locale => 'en', annotation => '{' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    annotation_id   => 34686,
    locale          => 'en',
    annotation      => '{',
    defaults        => ["brace", "bracket", "curly brace", "curly bracket", "gullwing", "open curly bracket"],
    tts             => 'open curly bracket',
}

Returns an hash reference of a annotation information from the table annotations for a given locale ID, and annotation value.

As per the LDML specifications, "Annotations provide information about characters, typically used in input. For example, on a mobile keyboard they can be used to do completion. They are typically used for symbols, especially emoji characters."

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• annotation_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale ID as can be found in the table locales

• annotation

  A string representing the annotation

• defaults

  An array of short strings describing the annotation in the language specified by the locale

• tts

  A short string describing the annotation

annotations

my $array_ref = $cldr->annotations;
# Get all annotations for locale 'en'
my $array_ref = $cldr->annotations( locale => 'en' );

Returns all annotations information for all known locales from the table annotations as an array reference of hash reference.

Alternatively, you can provide a locale to return all annotation information for that locale

bcp47_currency

my $ref = $cldr->bcp47_currency( currid => 'jpy' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    bcp47_curr_id   => 133,
    currid          => 'jpy',
    code            => 'JPY',
    description     => 'Japanese Yen',
    is_obsolete     => 0,
}

Returns an hash reference of a BCP47 currency information from the table bcp47_currencies for a given BCP47 currency ID currid.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• bcp47_curr_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• currid

  A string representing a BCP47 currency ID.

• code

  A string representing a ISO 4217 currency code, which could be outdated by the ISO standard, but still valid for CLDR

• description

  A text describing the currency

• is_obsolete

  A boolean value defining whether the currency is obsolete or not. Default to false.

bcp47_currencies

my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_currencies;
# Filtering based on ISO4217 currency code
my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_currencies( code => 'JPY' );
# Filtering based on obsolete status: 1 = true, 0 = false
my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_currencies( is_obsolete => 1 );

Returns all BCP47 currencies information from table bcp47_currencies as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• code

  An ISO4217 currency code, such as JPY

• is_obsolete

  A boolean value. Use 1 for true and 0 for false

bcp47_extension

my $ref = $cldr->bcp47_extension( extension => 'ca' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    bcp47_ext_id    => 1,
    category        => 'calendar',
    extension       => 'ca',
    alias           => 'calendar',
    value_type      => 'incremental',
    description     => 'Calendar algorithm key',
}

Returns an hash reference of a BCP47 extension information from the table bcp47_extensions for a given BCP47 extension.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• bcp47_ext_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• category

  A string representing a BCP47 extension category.

  Known values are: calendar, collation, currency, measure, number, segmentation, timezone, transform, transform_destination, transform_hybrid, transform_ime, transform_keyboard, transform_mt, transform_private_use, variant

• extension

  A short string representing a BCP47 extension.

  Known values are: ca, cf, co, cu, d0, dx, em, fw, h0, hc, i0, k0, ka, kb, kc, kf, kh, kk, kn, kr, ks, kv, lb, lw, m0, ms, mu, nu, rg, s0, sd, ss, t0, tz, va, vt, x0

• alias

  A string representing an alias for this extension.

  Known values are: undef, calendar, colAlternate, colBackwards, colCaseFirst, colCaseLevel, colHiraganaQuaternary, collation, colNormalization, colNumeric, colReorder, colStrength, currency, hours, measure, numbers, timezone, variableTop

• value_type

  A string representing a value type.

  Known values are: undef, any, incremental, multiple, single

• description

  A text providing a description for this BCP47 extension.

bcp47_extensions

my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_extensions;
# Filter based on the 'extension' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_extensions( extension => 'ca' );
# Filter based on the 'deprecated' field value; 1 = true, 0 = false
my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_extensions( deprecated => 0 );

Returns all BCP47 extensions information from table bcp47_extensions as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• deprecated

  A boolean value. Use 1 for true and 0 for false

• extension

  A BCP47 extension, such as ca, cf, co, cu, d0, dx, em, fw, h0, hc, i0, k0, ka, kb, kc, kf, kh, kk, kn, kr, ks, kv, lb, lw, m0, ms, mu, nu, rg, s0, sd, ss, t0, tz, va, vt, x0

bcp47_timezone

my $ref = $cldr->bcp47_timezone( tzid => 'jptyo' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    bcp47_tz_id => 215,
    tzid        => 'jptyo',
    alias       => ["Asia/Tokyo", "Japan"],
    preferred   => undef,
    description => 'Tokyo, Japan',
    deprecated  => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a BCP47 timezone information from the table bcp47_timezones for a given BCP47 timezone ID tzid.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• bcp47_tz_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• tzid

  A string representing a BCP47 timezone ID.

• alias

  An array of IANA Olson timezones

• preferred

  An string representing a preferred BCP47 timezone ID in lieu of the current one.

  This is mostly undef

• description

  A text describing the BCP47 timezone

• deprecated

  A boolean value defining whether this timezone is deprecated or not. Defaults to false.

bcp47_timezones

my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_timezones;
# Filter based on the 'deprecated' field value; 1 = true, 0 = false
my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_timezones( deprecated => 0 );

Returns all BCP47 timezones information from table bcp47_timezones as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• deprecated

  A boolean value. Use 1 for true and 0 for false

bcp47_value

my $ref = $cldr->bcp47_value( value => 'japanese' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    bcp47_value_id  => 16,
    category        => 'calendar',
    extension       => 'ca',
    value           => 'japanese',
    description     => 'Japanese Imperial calendar',
}

Returns an hash reference of a BCP47 value information from the table bcp47_values for a given BCP47 value.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• bcp47_value_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• category

  A string representing a BCP47 value category.

  Known values are: calendar, collation, currency, measure, number, segmentation, timezone, transform, transform_destination, transform_hybrid, transform_ime, transform_keyboard, transform_mt, transform_private_use, variant

• extension

  A short string representing a BCP47 extension.

  Known values are: ca, cf, co, cu, d0, dx, em, fw, h0, hc, i0, k0, ka, kb, kc, kf, kh, kk, kn, kr, ks, kv, lb, lw, m0, ms, mu, nu, rg, s0, sd, ss, t0, tz, va, vt, x0

• value

  Possible value for the current BCP47 extension. One extension may have multiple possible values.

• description

  A text describing the BCP47 extension value.

bcp47_values

my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_values;
# Filter based on the 'category' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_timezones( category => 'calendar' );
# Filter based on the 'extension' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->bcp47_timezones( extension => 'ca' );

Returns all BCP47 values information from table bcp47_values as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• category

  A BCP47 category ID, such as calendar, collation, currency, measure, number, segmentation, timezone, transform_destination, transform, transform_hybrid, transform_ime, transform_keyboard, transform_mt, transform_private_use, variant

• extension

  A BCP47 extension ID, such as ca, cf, co, cu, d0, dx, em, fw, h0, hc, i0, k0, ka, kb, kc, kf, kh, kk, kn, kr, ks, kv, lb, lw, m0, ms, mu, nu, rg, s0, sd, ss, t0, tz, va, vt, x0

calendar

my $ref = $cldr->calendar( calendar => 'gregorian' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    calendar_id => 1,
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
    system      => 'solar',
    inherits    => undef,
    description => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar information from the table calendars for a given calendar value.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• calendar_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• calendar

  A string representing a calendar ID.

  Known calendar IDs are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• system

  A string representing a calendar system.

  Known values are: undef, lunar, lunisolar, other, solar

• inherits

  A string representing the calendar ID from which this calendar inherits from.

  Currently, the only one known to use this is the japanese calendar inheriting from the gregorian calendar.

• description

  A text describing the calendar

calendars

my $array_ref = $cldr->calendars;
# Known 'system' value: undef, lunar, lunisolar, other, solar
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendars( system => 'solar' );
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendars( inherits => 'gregorian' );

Returns all calendar information from table calendars as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• inherits

  A calendar system this calendar inherits from, such as the Japanese calendar.

• system

  A calendar system, such as lunar, lunisolar, other, solar

calendar_append_format

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_append_format(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
    format_id   => 'Day',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    cal_append_fmt_id   => 12,
    locale              => 'en',
    calendar            => 'gregorian',
    format_id           => 'Day',
    format_pattern      => '{0} ({2}: {1})',
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar localised append format information from the table calendar_append_formats for a given format ID format_id, locale ID and calendar ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• cal_append_fmt_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, japanese, persian, roc

• format_id

  A string representing a format ID.

  Known values are: Day, Day-Of-Week, Era, Hour, Minute, Month, Quarter, Second, Timezone, Week, Year

• format_pattern

  A string representing the localised format pattern.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

calendar_append_formats

my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_append_formats;
# Filter based on the 'locale' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_append_formats( locale => 'en' );
# Filter based on the 'calendar' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_append_formats( calendar => 'gregorian' );
# or a combination of those two:
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_append_formats(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian'
);

Returns all calendar appended formats information from table calendar_append_formats as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in table calendars, such as: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethioaa, ethiopic, gregory, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, islamicc, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

See also the method l10n

calendar_available_format

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_available_format(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
    format_id   => 'Hms',
    # optional
    count       => undef,
    # optional
    alt         => undef,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    cal_avail_fmt_id    => 2662,
    locale              => 'en',
    calendar            => 'gregorian',
    format_id           => 'Hms',
    format_pattern      => 'HH:mm:ss',
    count               => undef,
    alt                 => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar localised available format information from the table calendar_available_formats for a given format ID format_id, calendar ID and a locale ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• cal_avail_fmt_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, japanese, persian, roc

• format_id

  A string representing a format ID.

  There are currently 107 known and distinct format IDs.

• format_pattern

  A string representing a localised format pattern.

• count

  An optional string used to differentiate identical patterns.

  Known values are: undef, few, many, one, other, two, zero

• alt

  An optional string used to provide alternative patterns.

  Known values are: undef, ascii, variant

See the LDML specifications for more informations.

calendar_available_formats

my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_available_formats;
# Filter based on the 'locale' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_available_formats( locale => 'en' );
# Filter based on the 'calendar' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_available_formats( calendar => 'gregorian' );
# or a combination of those two:
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_available_formats(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
);

Returns all calendar available formats information from table calendar_available_formats as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in table calendars, such as: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethioaa, ethiopic, gregory, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, islamicc, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

See also the method l10n

calendar_cyclic_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_cyclic_l10n(
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'chinese',
    format_set      => 'dayParts',
    format_type     => 'format',
    format_length   => 'abbreviated',
    format_id       => 1,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    cal_int_fmt_id  => 1014,
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'chinese',
    format_set      => 'dayParts',
    format_type     => 'format',
    format_length   => 'abbreviated',
    format_id       => 1,
    format_pattern  => 'zi',
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar cyclic localised information from the table calendar_cyclics_l10n for a given format ID format_id, ID a locale ID, a calendar ID, a format set format_set, a format type format_type and a format length format_length.

This is typical of calendars such as: chinese and dangi

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• cal_int_fmt_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, japanese, persian, roc

• format_set

  A format set. Known values are: dayParts, days, months, solarTerms, years, zodiacs

• format_type

  A format type. The only known value is format

• format_length

  A format length.

  Known values are; abbreviated, narrow, wide

• format_id

  A string representing a format ID.

• format_pattern

  A string representing a localised pattern.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

calendar_cyclics_l10n

my $all = $cldr->calendar_cyclics_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->calendar_cyclics_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->calendar_cyclics_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    calendar        => 'chinese',
    format_set      => 'dayParts',
    # Not really needed since 'format' is the only value being currently used
    # format_type   => 'format',
    format_length   => 'abbreviated',
);

Returns all calendar cyclic localised formats information from table calendar_cyclics_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in table calendars, such as: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethioaa, ethiopic, gregory, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, islamicc, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• format_set

  A string representing a format set.

  Known values are: dayParts, days, months, solarTerms, years, zodiacs

• format_type

  A format type. The only known value is format

• format_length

  A format length.

  Known values are; abbreviated, narrow, wide

calendar_datetime_format

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_datetime_format(
    locale          => 'en',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    format_length   => 'full',
    format_type     => 'atTime',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    cal_dt_fmt_id   => 434,
    locale          => 'en',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    format_length   => 'full',
    format_type     => 'atTime',
    format_pattern  => "{1} 'at' {0}",
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar localised datetime format information from the table calendar_datetime_formats for a given locale ID, calendar ID, format_length, and format_type.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• cal_dt_fmt_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, japanese, persian, roc

• format_length

  A string representing a format length.

  Known values are: full, long, medium, short

• format_type

  A string representing a format type.

  Known values are: atTime, standard

• format_pattern

  A string representing a localised datetime format pattern according to the format type and locale

calendar_datetime_formats

my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_datetime_formats;
# Filter based on the 'locale' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_datetime_formats( locale => 'en' );
# Filter based on the 'calendar' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_datetime_formats( calendar => 'gregorian' );
# or a combination of those two:
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_datetime_formats(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
);

Returns all calendar datetime formats information from table calendar_datetime_formats as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in table calendars, such as: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethioaa, ethiopic, gregory, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, islamicc, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

See also the method l10n

calendar_era_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_era_l10n(
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    era_width => 'abbreviated',
    alt => undef,
    era_id => 0,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    cal_era_l10n_id => 2844,
    locale          => 'ja',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    era_width       => 'abbreviated',
    era_id          => 0,
    alt             => undef,
    locale_name     => '紀元前',
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar era information from the table calendar_eras_l10n for a given calendar value, a locale, a era_width, and a era_id. If no alt value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• cal_era_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values used are: buddhist, coptic, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, japanese, persian, roc

• era_width

  An era width.

  Known values are: abbreviated, narrow, wide

• era_id

  A string representing an era ID. This is actually always an integer with minimum value of 0 and maximum value of 99

• alt

  A string to provide an alternative value for an era with the same ID.

• locale_name

  A string providing with a localised name for this era for the current locale

calendar_eras_l10n

my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_eras_l10n;
# Filter based on the 'locale' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_eras_l10n( locale => 'en' );
# Filter based on the 'calendar' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_eras_l10n( calendar => 'gregorian' );
# or a combination of multiple fields:
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_eras_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    era_width => 'abbreviated',
    alt => undef
);

Returns all calendar localised eras information from table calendar_eras_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• alt

  The alternative value, if any, which may be variant or undef, i.e., no value.

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in table calendars, such as: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethioaa, ethiopic, gregory, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, islamicc, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• era_width

  Possible values are: abbreviated, narrow, wide

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

See also the method l10n

calendar_format_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_format_l10n(
    locale => 'ja',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    # date, time
    format_type => 'date',
    # full, long, medium, short
    format_length => 'full',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    cal_fmt_l10n_id => 906,
    locale          => 'ja',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    format_type     => 'date',
    format_length   => 'full',
    alt             => undef,
    format_id       => 'yMEEEEd',
    format_pattern  => 'y年M月d日EEEE',
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar format information from the table calendar_formats_l10n for a given calendar value, a locale, a format_type, and a format_length.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• cal_fmt_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, japanese, persian, roc

• format_type

  A string representing a format type.

  Possible values are: date or time

• format_length

  A string representing a format length.

  Known values are: full, long, medium, short

• alt

  A string to provide an alternative value for a format with the same ID.

• format_id

  A string representing a format ID.

• format_pattern

  A string representing a localised pattern.

calendar_formats_l10n

my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_formats_l10n;
# Filter based on the 'locale' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_formats_l10n( locale => 'en' );
# Filter based on the 'calendar' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_formats_l10n( calendar => 'gregorian' );
# or a combination of multiple fields:
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_formats_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    format_type => 'date',
    format_length => 'full',
);

Returns all calendar localised date and time formats information from table calendar_formats_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in table calendars, such as: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethioaa, ethiopic, gregory, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, islamicc, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• format_length

  Possible values are: full, long, medium, short

• format_type

  The format type, which may be date or time

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

See also the method l10n

calendar_interval_format

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_interval_format(
    locale              => 'en',
    calendar            => 'gregorian',
    greatest_diff_id    => 'd',
    format_id           => 'GyMMMEd',
    alt                 => undef,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    cal_int_fmt_id      => 3846,
    locale              => 'en',
    calendar            => 'gregorian',
    format_id           => 'GyMMMEd',
    greatest_diff_id    => 'd',
    format_pattern      => 'E, MMM d – E, MMM d, y G',
    alt                 => undef,
    part1               => 'E, MMM d',
    separator           => ' – ',
    part2               => 'E, MMM d, y G',
    repeating_field     => 'E, MMM d',
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar localised interval information from the table calendar_interval_formats for a given calendar ID and a locale ID. If no alt value is provided, it will default to undef

Pay particular attention to the fields part1, separator and part2 that are designed to greatly make it easy for you to format and use the interval format pattern.

Without those special fields, it would not be possible to properly format an interval.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• cal_int_fmt_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, japanese, persian, roc

• format_id

  A string representing a format ID.

• greatest_diff_id

  A string representing an ID, itself representing the interval greatest difference

• format_pattern

  A string representing a localised pattern.

• alt

  A string representing an alternative value.

• part1

  This is the first part of the interval format.

• separator

  This is the string representing the separator between the first and second part.

• part2

  This is the second part of the interval format.

• repeating_field

  This is the repeating field that was computed when building this database.

  This, along with the part1, separator and part2 are designed to make it easier for you to format the interval.

See LDML specifications for more information.

calendar_interval_formats

my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_interval_formats;
# Filter based on the 'locale' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_interval_formats( locale => 'en' );
# Filter based on the 'calendar' field value
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_interval_formats( calendar => 'gregorian' );
# or a combination of those two:
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_interval_formats(
    locale      => 'en',
    calendar    => 'gregorian',
);

Returns all calendar interval formats information from table calendar_interval_formats as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in table calendars, such as: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethioaa, ethiopic, gregory, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, islamicc, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• greatest_diff_id

  A string representing an ID, itself representing the interval greatest difference

See also the method l10n

calendar_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
    caendar => 'japanese',
);
# Returns an hash reference like:
{
    calendar_l10n_id => 506,
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'japanese',
    locale_name => 'Japanese Calendar',
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar localised information from the table calendars_l10n for a given locale ID, and calendar ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• calendar_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, japanese, persian, roc

• locale_name

  A string representing the localised name of the calendar.

calendars_l10n

my $all = $cldr->calendars_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->calendars_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
);

Returns all calendar localised information from table calendars_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

calendar_term

my $ref = $cldr->calendar_term(
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    # format, stand-alone
    term_context    => 'format',
    # abbreviated, narrow, wide
    term_width      => 'abbreviated',
    term_name       => 'am',
);
# Returns an hash reference like:
{
    cal_term_id     => 23478,
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    term_type       => 'day_period',
    term_context    => 'format',
    term_width      => 'abbreviated',
    alt             => undef,
    yeartype        => undef,
    term_name       => 'am',
    term_value      => 'AM',
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar term information from the table calendar_terms for a given locale, calendar, term_context, term_width, term_name value, alt and yeartype value. If no alt or yeartype value is provided, it will default to undef

You can also query for multiple value at the same time, and this will return an array reference of hash reference instead:

my $all = $cldr->calendar_term(
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    # format, stand-alone
    term_context    => 'format',
    # abbreviated, narrow, wide
    term_width      => 'abbreviated',
    term_name       => [qw( am pm )],
);
# Returns an array reference like:
[
    {
        cal_term_id     => 23478,
        locale          => 'und',
        calendar        => 'gregorian',
        term_type       => 'day_period',
        term_context    => 'format',
        term_width      => 'abbreviated',
        alt             => undef,
        yeartype        => undef,
        term_name       => 'am',
        term_value      => 'AM',
    },
    {
        cal_term_id     => 23479,
        locale          => 'und',
        calendar        => 'gregorian',
        term_type       => 'day_period',
        term_context    => 'format',
        term_width      => 'abbreviated',
        alt             => undef,
        yeartype        => undef,
        term_name       => 'pm',
        term_value      => 'PM',
    },
]

See the section on "Advanced Search" for more information.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• cal_term_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in the table calendars

  Known values are: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethiopic, ethiopic-amete-alem, generic, gregorian, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, japanese, persian, roc

• term_type

  A string representing a term type.

  Known values are: day, day_period, month, quarter

• term_context

  A string representing a term context.

  Known values are: format, stand-alone

• term_width

  A string representing a term width.

  Known values are: abbreviated, narrow, short, wide

• alt

  A string to provide an alternate representation of a term.

• yeartype

  A string to provide an alternate representation of a term when this is a leap year.

  The usual value for this is leap

• term_name

  A string representing a term name.

  Known values are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, afternoon1, afternoon2, evening1, evening2, midnight, morning1, morning2, night1, night2, noon, am, pm, mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun

• term_value

  A string representing the term value.

See also the Unicode LDMD specifications

calendar_terms

my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_terms;
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_terms(
    locale => 'und',
    calendar => 'japanese'
);
my $array_ref = $cldr->calendar_terms(
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    term_type       => 'day',
    term_context    => 'format',
    term_width      => 'abbreviated',
);

Returns all calendar terms information from table calendar_terms as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• calendar

  A calendar ID as can be found in table calendars, such as: buddhist, chinese, coptic, dangi, ethioaa, ethiopic, gregory, hebrew, indian, islamic, islamic-civil, islamic-rgsa, islamic-tbla, islamic-umalqura, islamicc, iso8601, japanese, persian, roc

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

See also the Unicode LDMD specifications

casing

my $ref = $cldr->casing( locale => 'fr', token => 'currencyName' );
# Returns an hash reference like:
{
    casing_id   => 926,
    locale      => 'fr',
    token       => 'currencyName',
    value       => 'lowercase',
}

Returns an hash reference of a calendar information from the table casings for a given token value.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• casing_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• token

  Known values are: calendar_field, currencyName, currencyName_count, day_format_except_narrow, day_narrow, day_standalone_except_narrow, era_abbr, era_name, era_narrow, key, keyValue, language, metazone_long, month_format_except_narrow, month_narrow, month_standalone_except_narrow, quarter_abbreviated, quarter_format_wide, quarter_narrow, quarter_standalone_wide, relative, script, symbol, territory, unit_pattern, variant, zone_exemplarCity, zone_long, zone_short

• value

  A casing value.

casings

my $all = $cldr->casings;
my $all = $cldr->casings( locale => 'fr' );

Returns all casing information from table casings as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

cldr_built

my $datetime = $cldr->cldr_built; # 2024-07-01T05:57:29

Return the ISO8601 datetime in GMT of when this data were built.

Note, this is just a string, not a DateTime object. If you want a DateTime object, maybe do something like:

use DateTime::Format::Strptime;
my $fmt = DateTime::Format::Strptime->new( pattern => '%FT%T' );
my $dt = $fmt->parse_datetime( $cldr->cldr_built );

cldr_maintainer

my $str = $cldr->cldr_maintainer; # Jacques Deguest

Returns a string representing the name of the person who created this SQLite database of CLDR data.

cldr_version

my $version = $cldr->cldr_version; # 45.0

Return the Unicode CLDR version number of the data.

Note, this is just a string. You may want to turn it into an object for comparison, such as:

use version;
my $vers = version->parse( $cldr->cldr_version );

Or, maybe:

use Changes::Version;
my $vers = Changes::Version->new( $cldr->cldr_version );

say $vers > $other_version;

code_mapping

my $ref = $cldr->code_mapping( code => 'US' );
# Returns an hash reference like:
{
    code_mapping_id => 263,
    code            => 'US',
    alpha3          => 'USA',
    numeric         => 840,
    fips10          => undef,
    type            => 'territory',
}

Returns an hash reference of a code mapping information from the table code_mappings for a given code value.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• code_mapping_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• code

  A code for which there is a mapping with other American standards

• alpha3

  A 3-characters code

• numeric

  A numeric code

• fips10

  An American standard

• type

  The mapping <type>

code_mappings

my $all = $cldr->code_mappings;
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( type => 'territory' );
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( type => 'currency' );
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( alpha3 => 'USA' );
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( numeric => 840 ); # U.S.A.
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( fips => 'JP' ); # Japan
my $all = $cldr->code_mappings( fips => undef, type => 'currency' );

Returns all code mapping information from table code_mappings as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• alpha3

  A 3-characters code.

• fips

  A fips (U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard) code

• numeric

  An integer code.

• type

  A type, such as territory or currency

collation

my $ref = $cldr->collation(
    collation => 'ducet',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    collation => 'ducet',
    description => 'Dictionary style ordering (such as in Sinhala)',
}

Returns an hash reference of a collation information from the table collations for a given collation ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• collation

  A string representing a collation ID.

  Known values are: big5han, compat, dict, direct, ducet, emoji, eor, gb2312, phonebk, phonetic, pinyin, reformed, search, searchjl, standard, stroke, trad, unihan, zhuyin

• description

  A short text describing the collation.

collations

my $all = $cldr->collations;
my $all = $cldr->collations( collation => 'ducet' );
my $all = $cldr->collations( description => qr/Chinese/ );

Returns all collations information from table collations as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• collation

  A collation ID

• description

  A short text describing the collation.

  See the section on "Advanced Search"

collation_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->collation_l10n(
    collation => 'ducet',
    locale => 'en',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    collation_l10n_id   => 323,
    locale              => 'en',
    collation           => 'ducet',
    locale_name         => 'Default Unicode Sort Order',
}

Returns an hash reference of a collation localised information from the table collations_l10n for a given collation ID and a locale ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• collation_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• collation

  A collation ID as can be found in table collations

• locale_name

  A short text representing the localised collation name.

collations_l10n

my $all = $cldr->collations_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->collations_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->collations_l10n(
    locale => 'en',
    collation => 'ducet',
);

Returns all collations information from table collations_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• collation

  A collation ID as can be found in table collations

currency

my $ref = $cldr->currency( currency => 'JPY' ); # Japanese Yen
# Returns an hash reference like:
{
    currency_id     => 133,
    currency        => 'JPY',
    digits          => 0,
    rounding        => 0,
    cash_digits     => undef,
    cash_rounding   => undef,
    is_obsolete     => 0,
    status          => 'regular',
}

Returns an hash reference of a code mapping information from the table currencies for a given currency code.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• currency_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• currency

  A currency code

• digits

  Number of fractional digits.

• rounding

  Number of digits used for rounding.

• cash_digits

  Number of fractional digits for money representation.

• cash_rounding

  Number of digits used for rounding for money representation.

• is_obsolete

  A boolean defining whether the currency is obsolete.

• status

  A string representing the status for this currency.

  Known values are: deprecated, regular, unknown

currencies

my $all = $cldr->currencies;
my $all = $cldr->currencies( is_obsolete => 1 );

Returns all currencies information from table currencies as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• is_obsolete

  A boolean value. Use 1 for true and 0 for false

• status

  Valid status values are, as per the CLDR:

  • regular

    This is the default and means the currency is valid.

  • deprecated

    The currency is deprecated.

  • unknown

    The status is unknown.

currency_info

my $ref = $cldr->currency_info(
    currency    => 'EUR',
    territory'  => 'FR',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    currency_info_id    => 165,
    territory           => 'FR',
    currency            => 'EUR',
    start               => '1999-01-01',
    until               => undef,
    is_tender           => 0,
    hist_sequence       => undef,
    is_obsolete         => 0,
}

Returns an hash reference of a currency information from the table currencies_info for a given ]locale ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• currency_info_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• territory

  A 2-to-3 characters string representing the territory code, which may be either 2-characters uppercase alphabet, or 3-digits code representing a world region.

• currency

  A 3-characters currency code.

• start

  The date at which this currency started to be in use for this territory.

• until

  The date at which this currency stopped being in use for this territory.

• is_tender

  Whether this currency was a legal tender, i.e. whether it bore the force of law to settle a public or private debt or meet a financial obligation.

• hist_sequence

  Integer representing the historical order. CLDR uses the attributes tz and then to-tz to link to following historical record when the old to date overlaps the new from date. Example: territory SX

• is_obsolete

  A boolean value expressing whether this currency is obsolete or not.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

currencies_info

my $all = $cldr->currencies_info;
my $all = $cldr->currencies_info( territory => 'FR' );
my $all = $cldr->currencies_info( currency => 'EUR' );

Returns all currencies information from table currencies_info as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• territory

  A 2-characters code representing a territory as can be found in table territories

• currency

  A 3-characters code representing a currency as can be found in table currencies

currency_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->currency_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    count       => undef,
    currency    => 'JPY',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    curr_l10n_id    => 20924,
    locale          => 'en',
    currency        => 'JPY',
    count           => undef,
    locale_name     => 'Japanese Yen',
    symbol          => '¥',
}

Returns an hash reference of a currency localised information from the table currencies_l10n for a given currency ID, locale ID and count value. If no count value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• curr_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• currency

  A currency ID as can be found in the table currencies

  Note that the values used by the CLDR als includes currencies that are deprecated in ISO 4217 standard.

• count

  A string that specifies a distinctive value.

  Known values are: undef, few, many, one, other, two, zero

  For example, with the EUR currency in locale en, here are the possible count values and its associated localised string representation.

  • undef

    Euro

  • one

    euro

  • other

    euros

  And here with the JPY currency and locale pl:

  • undef

    jen japoński

  • few

    jeny japońskie

  • many

    jenów japońskich

  • one

    jen japoński

  • other

    jena japońskiego

  See the LDML specifications about language plural rules for more information.

• locale_name

  A string representing a localised currency name based on the value of locale.

• symbol

  An optional currency symbol.

currencies_l10n

my $all = $cldr->currencies_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->currencies_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->currencies_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    currency    => 'JPY',
);

Returns all currencies localised information from table currencies_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• count

  A string representing a distinctive count for the currency

  Known values are: undef, few, many, one, other, two, zero

  See the LDML specifications about language plural rules for more information.

• currency

  A 3-characters currency ID as can be found in the table currencies

database_handler

Returns the current database handler used by the Locale::Unicode::Data object instantiated.

Please note that the database is opened in read-only. If you want to modify it, which I would advise against, you need to instantiate your own DBI connection. Something like this:

my $db_file = $cldr->datafile;
$dbh = DBI->connect( "dbi:SQLite:dbname=${db_file}", '', '' ) ||
    die( "Unable to make connection to Unicode CLDR SQLite database file ${db_file}: ", $DBI::errstr );
# To enable foreign keys:
# See: <https://metacpan.org/release/ADAMK/DBD-SQLite-1.27/view/lib/DBD/SQLite.pm#Foreign-Keys>
$dbh->do("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON");

datafile

Sets or gets the file path to the SQLite database file. This defaults to the global variable $DB_FILE

date_field_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->date_field_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    field_type      => 'day',
    field_length    => 'narrow',
    relative        => -1,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    date_field_id   => 2087,
    locale          => 'en',
    field_type      => 'day',
    field_length    => 'narrow',
    relative        => -1,
    locale_name     => 'yesterday',
}

Returns an hash reference of a field localised information from the table date_fields_l10n for a given locale ID, field_type, field_length and relative value.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• date_field_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• field_type

  A string representing a field type.

  Known values are: day, fri, hour, minute, mon, month, quarter, sat, second, sun, thu, tue, wed, week, year

• field_length

  A string representing a field length.

  Known values are: narrow, short, standard

• relative

  An integer representing the relative value of the field. For example, 0 being today, -1 being a day period preceding the current one, and 1 being a day period following the current one.

  Known values are: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

• locale_name

  A string containing the localised date field based on the locale

See the LDML specifications for more information.

date_fields_l10n

my $all = $cldr->date_fields_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->date_fields_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->date_fields_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    field_type      => 'day',
    field_length    => 'narrow',
);

Returns all date fields localised information from table date_fields_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• field_type

  A string representing a field type.

  Known values are: day, fri, hour, minute, mon, month, quarter, sat, second, sun, thu, tue, wed, week, year

• field_length

  A string representing a field length.

  Known values are: narrow, short, standard

day_period

my $ref = $cldr->day_period( locale => 'fr', day_period => 'noon' );
# Returns an hash reference like:
{
    day_period_id   => 115,
    locale          => 'fr',
    day_period      => 'noon',
    start           => '12:00',
    until           => '12:00',
}

Returns an hash reference of a day period information from the table day_periods for a given locale code and day_period code.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• day_period_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• day_period

  A string representing a day period.

  Known values are: afternoon1, afternoon2, am, evening1, evening2, midnight, morning1, morning2, night1, night2, noon, pm

• start

  A time from which this day period starts.

  Known values go from 00:00 until 23:00

• until

  A time by which this day period stops.

  Known values go from 00:00 until 24:00

day_periods

my $all = $cldr->day_periods;
my $all = $cldr->day_periods( locale => 'ja' );
# Known values for day_period: afternoon1, afternoon2, am, evening1, evening2,
# midnight, morning1, morning2, night1, night2, noon, pm
my $all = $cldr->day_periods( day_period => 'noon' );

Returns all day periods information from table day_periods as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• day_period

  A token representing a day period. Valid tokens are: afternoon1, afternoon2, am, evening1, evening2, midnight, morning1, morning2, night1, night2, noon, pm

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

decode_sql_arrays

my $bool = $cldr->decode_sql_arrays;
$cldr->decode_sql_arrays(0); # off
$cldr->decode_sql_arrays(1); # on

Sets or gets the boolean value used to specify whether you want this API to automatically decode SQL arrays into perl arrays using JSON::XS

This is set to true by default, upon object instantiation.

extend_timezones_cities

my $bool = $cldr->extend_timezones_cities;
$cldr->extend_timezones_cities(0); # off
$cldr->extend_timezones_cities(1); # on

Sets or gets the boolean value used to specify whether you want to use the time zones cities extended data, if any were added, or not.

To add the time zones cities extended data, see the Unicode CLDR SQLite database script option --extended-timezones-cities

Normally, this SQLite database comes by default with an extended set of time zones cities data for 421 time zones and their main city across 88 locales, courtesy of the GeoNames database, and online work the author of this distribution has performed.

See also the method timezone_city and timezones_cities

This is set to true by default, upon object instantiation.

error

Used as a mutator, this sets and exception object and returns an Locale::Unicode::NullObject in object context (such as when chaining), or undef in scalar context, or an empty list in list context.

The Locale::Unicode::NullObject class prevents the perl error of Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value (see perldiag). Upon the last method chained, undef is returned in scalar context or an empty list in list context.

For example:

my $locale = Locale::Unicode->new( 'ja' );
$locale->translation( 'my-software' )->transform_locale( $bad_value )->tz( 'jptyo' ) ||
    die( $locale->error );

In this example, jptyo will never be set, because transform_locale triggered an exception that returned an Locale::Unicode::NullObject object catching all further method calls, but eventually we get the error and die.

fatal

$cldr->fatal(1); # Enable fatal exceptions
$cldr->fatal(0); # Disable fatal exceptions
my $bool = $cldr->fatal;

Sets or get the boolean value, whether to die upon exception, or not. If set to true, then instead of setting an exception object, this module will die with an exception object. You can catch the exception object then after using try. For example:

use v.5.34; # to be able to use try-catch blocks in perl
use experimental 'try';
no warnings 'experimental';
try
{
    my $cldr = Locale::Unicode::Data->new( fatal => 1 );
    # Forgot the 'width':
    my $str = $cldr->timezone_names( timezone => 'Asia/Tokyo', locale => 'en' );
}
catch( $e )
{
    say "Error occurred: ", $e->message;
    # Error occurred: No value for width was provided.
}

interval_formats

my $ref = $cldr->interval_formats(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
);

This would return something like:

{
    Bh => [qw( B h )],
    Bhm => [qw( B h m )],
    d => ["d"],
    default => ["default"],
    Gy => [qw( G y )],
    GyM => [qw( G M y )],
    GyMd => [qw( d G M y )],
    GyMEd => [qw( d G M y )],
    GyMMM => [qw( G M y )],
    GyMMMd => [qw( d G M y )],
    GyMMMEd => [qw( d G M y )],
    H => ["H"],
    h => [qw( a h )],
    hm => [qw( a h m )],
    Hm => [qw( H m )],
    hmv => [qw( a h m )],
    Hmv => [qw( H m )],
    Hv => ["H"],
    hv => [qw( a h )],
    M => ["M"],
    Md => [qw( d M )],
    MEd => [qw( d M )],
    MMM => ["M"],
    MMMd => [qw( d M )],
    MMMEd => [qw( d M )],
    y => ["y"],
    yM => [qw( M y )],
    yMd => [qw( d M y )],
    yMEd => [qw( d M y )],
    yMMM => [qw( M y )],
    yMMMd => [qw( d M y )],
    yMMMEd => [qw( d M y )],
    yMMMM => [qw( M y )],
}

This returns an hash reference of interval format ID with their associated greatest difference token for the given locale ID and calendar ID.

The default interval format pattern is something like {0} – {1}, but this changes depending on the locale and is not always available.

{0} is the placeholder for the first datetime and {1} is the placeholder for the second one.

l10n

Returns all localised information for certain type of data as an array reference of hash reference.

The following core parameters must be provided:

• locale

  This is mandatory. This is a locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• type

  A type of data. Valid types are: annotation, calendar_append_format, calendar_available_format, calendar_cyclic, calendar_era, calendar_format, calendar_interval_formats, calendar_term, casing, currency, date_field, locale, number_format, number_symbol, script, subdivision, territory, unit, variant

Below are each type of data and their associated parameters:

• annotation

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'annotation',
      locale => 'en',
      annotation => '{',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a annotation information from the table annotations for a given locale code and annotation character.

• calendar_append_format

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'calendar_append_format',
      locale => 'en',
      calendar => 'gregorian',
      format_id => 'Day',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a calendar appended format information from the table calendar_append_formats for a given locale, and calendar code and a format_id ID.

• calendar_available_format

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'calendar_available_format',
      locale => 'ja',
      calendar => 'japanese',
      format_id => 'GyMMMEEEEd',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a calendar available format information from the table calendar_available_formats for a given locale, and calendar code and a format_id ID.

• calendar_cyclic

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'calendar_cyclic',
      locale => 'ja',
      calendar => 'chinese',
      format_set => 'dayParts',
      # 1..12
      format_id => 1,
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a calendar available format information from the table calendar_cyclics_l10n for a given locale, and calendar code and a format_set token and a format_id ID.

• calendar_era

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'calendar_era',
      locale => 'ja',
      calendar => 'japanese',
      # abbreviated, narrow
      # 'narrow' contains less data than 'abbreviated'
      era_width => 'abbreviated',
      era_id => 236,
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a calendar available format information from the table calendar_eras_l10n for a given locale, and calendar code and a era_width width and a era_id ID.

• calendar_format

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'calendar_format',
      locale => 'ja',
      calendar => 'gregorian',
      format_id => 'yMEEEEd',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a calendar date or time format information from the table calendar_formats_l10n for a given locale, and calendar code and a format_id ID.

• calendar_interval_format

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'calendar_interval_format',
      locale => 'ja',
      calendar => 'gregorian',
      format_id => 'yMMM',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a calendar interval format information from the table calendar_interval_formats for a given locale, and calendar code and a format_id ID.

• calendar_term

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'calendar_term',
      locale => 'ja',
      calendar => 'gregorian',
      term_name => 'mon',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a calendar term information from the table calendar_terms for a given locale, and calendar code and a term_name token.

  Known term names are: mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun, am, pm, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, midnight, morning1, morning2, noon, afternoon1, afternoon2, evening1, evening2, night1, night2

• casing

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'casing',
      locale => 'fr',
      token => 'currencyName',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a casing information from the table casings for a given locale code and a token.

• currency

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'currency',
      locale => 'ja',
      currency => 'EUR',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a currency information from the table currencies_l10n for a given locale code and a currency code.

• date_field

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'date_field',
      locale => 'ja',
      # Other possible values:
      # day, week, month, quarter, year, hour, minute, second,
      # mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun
      field_type  => 'day',
      # -1 for yesterday, 0 for today, 1 for tomorrow
      relative => -1,
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a date field information from the table date_fields_l10n for a given locale, and a field type field_type and relative value.

• locale

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'locale',
      locale => 'ja',
      locale_id => 'fr',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a locale information from the table locales_l10n for a given locale, and a locale ID locale_id.

• number_format

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'number_format',
      locale => 'ja',
      number_type => 'currency',
      format_id => '10000',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a number format from the table number_formats_l10n for a given locale, a number type number_type, and a format ID format_id.

  Known value for number_type are: currency, decimal, misc, percent, scientific

• number_symbol

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'number_symbol',
      locale => 'en',
      number_system => 'latn',
      property => 'decimal',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a number symbol information from the table number_symbols_l10n for a given locale, a number system number_system as can be found in the table number_systems, and a property value.

• script

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'script',
      locale => 'ja',
      script => 'Kore',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a script information from the table scripts_l10n for a given locale, a script value script as can be found in the scripts table.

• subdivision

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'subdivision',
      locale => 'en',
      subdivision => 'jp13', # Tokyo
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a subdivision information from the table subdivisions_l10n for a given locale, a subdivision value subdivision as can be found in the subdivisions table.

• territory

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'territory',
      locale => 'en',
      territory => 'JP', # Japan
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a territory information from the table territories_l10n for a given locale, and a territory code as can be found in the territories table.

• unit

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'unit',
      locale => 'en',
      unit_id => 'power3',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a unit information from the table units_l10n for a given locale, and a unit_id.

• variant

  my $ref = $cldr->l10n(
      type => 'variant',
      locale => 'en',
      variant => 'valencia',
  );

  Returns an hash reference of a variant information from the table variants_l10n for a given locale, and a variant as can be found in the table variants.

language

my $ref = $cldr->language( language => 'ryu' ); # Central Okinawan (Ryukyu)
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    language_id => 6712,
    language    => 'ryu',
    scripts     => ["Kana"],
    territories => ["JPY"],
    parent      => undef,
    alt         => undef,
    status      => 'regular',
}

Returns an hash reference of a language information from the table languages for a given language ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• language_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• language

  A language ID, which may be 2 to 3-characters long.

• scripts

  An array of script IDs as can be found in the table scripts, and that are associated with this language.

• territories

  An array of territory IDs as can be found in the table territories, and that are associated with this language.

• format_pattern

  A string representing a localised pattern.

languages

my $all = $cldr->languages;
my $all = $cldr->languages( parent => 'gmw' );

Returns all languages information from table languages as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• parent

  A parent locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

  The parent value is set in 63% of the languages (over 8,700) in the table languages

language_population

my $all = $cldr->language_population( territory => 'JP' );
# Returns an array reference of hash references like this:
[
    {
        language_pop_id     => 738,
        territory           => 'JP',
        locale              => 'ja',
        population_percent  => 95,
        literacy_percent    => undef,
        writing_percent     => undef,
        official_status     => 'official',
    },
    {
        language_pop_id     => 739,
        territory           => 'JP',
        locale              => 'ryu',
        population_percent  => 0.77,
        literacy_percent    => undef,
        writing_percent     => 5,
        official_status     => undef,
    },
    {
        language_pop_id     => 740,
        territory           => 'JP',
        locale              => 'ko',
        population_percent  => 0.52,
        literacy_percent    => undef,
        writing_percent     => undef,
        official_status     => undef,
    }
]

Returns an array reference of hash references of a language population information from the table language_population for a given territory ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• language_pop_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• territory

  A territory code as can be found in the table territories

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• population_percent

  A percentage of the population as decimal.

• literacy_percent

  A percentage of the population as decimal.

• writing_percent

  A percentage of the population as decimal.

• official_status

  A string representing the official status for this usage of this locale in this territory

  Known values are: undef, official, official_regional, de_facto_officia

language_populations

my $all = $cldr->language_populations;
my $all = $cldr->language_populations( official_status => 'official' );

Returns all language population information from table language_population as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• official_status

  A status string, such as official, official_regional or de_facto_official

likely_subtag

my $ref = $cldr->likely_subtag( locale => 'ja' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    likely_subtag_id    => 297,
    locale              => 'ja',
    target              => 'ja-Jpan-JP',
}

Returns an hash reference for a likely language information from the table likely_subtags for a given locale ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• likely_subtag_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• target

  A string representing the target locale

See the LDML specifications for more information.

likely_subtags

my $all = $cldr->likely_subtags;

Returns all likely subtag information from table likely_subtags as an array reference of hash reference.

No additional parameter is needed.

locale

my $ref = $cldr->locale( locale => 'ja' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    locale_id   => 3985,
    locale      => 'ja',
    status      => 'regular',
}

Returns an hash reference of locale information from the table locales for a given locale ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• locale_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• status

  A string representing a status for this locale

  Known values are: undef, deprecated, private_use, regular, reserved, special, unknown

locales

my $all = $cldr->locales;

Returns all locale information from table locales as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• status

  A status string, such as deprecated, private_use, regular, reserved, special, unknown or undef if none is set.

locale_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->locale_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    locale_id   => 'ja',
    alt         => undef,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    locales_l10n_id => 16746,
    locale          => 'en',
    locale_id       => 'ja',
    locale_name     => 'Japanese',
    alt             => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of locale localised information from the table locales_l10n for a given locale ID and a locale_id ID and an alt value. If no alt value is provided, it will default to undef.

The locale value is the language, with possibly some additional subtags, in which the information is provided, and the locale_id the locale id whose name will be returned in the language specified by the locale argument.

Valid locales that can be found in the table locales_l10n are, for example: asa, az-Arab (using a script), be-tarask (using a variant), ca-ES-valencia (using a combination of territory and variant), de-AT (using a territory), es-419 (using a region code)

See Locale::Unicode for more information on locales.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• locales_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• locale_id

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• locale_name

  A string representing the localised name of the locale_id according to the locale value.

locales_l10n

my $all = $cldr->locales_l10n;
# Returns an array reference of all locale information in English
my $all = $cldr->locales_l10n( locale => 'en' );
# Returns an array reference of all the way to write 'Japanese' in various languages
# This would typically return an array reference of something like 267 hash reference
my $all = $cldr->locales_l10n( locale_id => 'ja' );
# This is basically the same as with the method locale_l10n()
my $all = $cldr->locales_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    locale_id   => 'ja',
    alt         => undef,
);

Returns all locale localised information from table locales_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• alt

  This is used to differentiate when alternative values exist.

  Known values for alt are undef, i.e. not set, or long, menu, secondary, short, variant

• locale

  A locale such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

  This is generally more a language, i.e. a 2 or 3-characters code than a locale

• locale_id

  A 2 to 3 characters language ID such as en as can be found in table languages

locales_info

my $ref = $cldr->locales_info(
    property => 'quotation_start',
    locale => 'ja',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    locales_info_id => 361,
    locale          => 'ja',
    property        => 'quotation_start',
    value           => '「',
}

Returns an hash reference of locale properties information from the table locales_info for a given locale ID and a property value.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• locales_info_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• property

  A string representing a property.

  Known properties are: char_orientation, quotation2_end, quotation2_start, quotation_end, quotation_start, yes and no

• value

  The property value for this locale

locales_infos

my $all = $cldr->locales_infos;

Returns all locale properties information from table locales_info as an array reference of hash reference.

No additional parameter is needed.

locale_number_system

my $ref = $cldr->locale_number_system( locale => 'ja' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    locale_num_sys_id => 26,
    locale => 'ja',
    number_system => undef,
    native => undef,
    traditional => 'jpan',
    finance => 'jpanfin',
}

As a reminder, the numbering system can be explicitly specified with the Unicode BCP47 extension nu. For example:

• hi-IN-u-nu-native

  Explicitly specifying the native digits for numeric formatting in Hindi language.

• zh-u-nu-finance

  Explicitly specifying the appropriate financial numerals in Chinese language.

• ta-u-nu-traditio

  Explicitly specifying the traditional Tamil numerals in Tamil language.

• ar-u-nu-latn

  Explicitly specifying the western digits 0-9 in Arabic language.

Returns an hash reference of a given locale number systems available from the table locale_number_systems.

TLDR; if number_system and native are the same, then it is ok to also use latn as numbering system. When traditional is not available, use native. When finance is not available, use the default number_system

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• locale_num_sys_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• number_system

  A string representing a number system as can be found in the table number_systems, and "used for presentation of numeric quantities in the given locale" (LDML specifications)

  In LDML specifications, this is named default, but default is a reserved keyword in SQL terminology.

• native

  Quoting from the LDML specifications: "Defines the numbering system used for the native digits, usually defined as a part of the script used to write the language. The native numbering system can only be a numeric positional decimal-digit numbering system, using digits with General_Category=Decimal_Number. Note: In locales where the native numbering system is the default, it is assumed that the numbering system latn (Western digits 0-9) is always acceptable, and can be selected using the -nu keyword as part of a Unicode locale identifier."

• traditional

  Quoting from the LDML specifications: "Defines the traditional numerals for a locale. This numbering system may be numeric or algorithmic. If the traditional numbering system is not defined, applications should use the native numbering system as a fallback."

• finance

  Quoting from the LDML specifications: "Defines the numbering system used for financial quantities. This numbering system may be numeric or algorithmic. This is often used for ideographic languages such as Chinese, where it would be easy to alter an amount represented in the default numbering system simply by adding additional strokes. If the financial numbering system is not specified, applications should use the default numbering system as a fallback."

locale_number_systems

my $all = $cldr->locale_number_systems;

Returns all locales numbering systems information from table locale_number_systems as an array reference of hash reference.

No additional parameter is needed.

make_inheritance_tree

This takes a locale, such as ja or ja-JP, or es-ES-valencia and it will return an array reference of inheritance tree of locales. This means the provided locale's parent, its grand-parent, etc until it reaches the root, which, under the LDML specifications is defined by und

For example:

# Japanese
my $tree = $cldr->make_inheritance_tree( 'ja-JP' );

produces:

['ja-JP', 'ja', 'und']

However, there are exceptions and the path is not always linear.

For example:

# Portugese in France
my $tree = $cldr->make_inheritance_tree( 'pt-FR' );

produces:

['pt-FR', 'pt-PT', 'pt', 'und']

Why? Because the CLDR (Common Locale Data Repository) specifies a special parent for locale pt-FR. Those exceptions are defined in common/supplemental/supplementalData.xml with xpath /supplementalData/parentLocales/parentLocale

Another example:

# Traditional Chinese
my $tree = $cldr->make_inheritance_tree( 'yue-Hant' );

Normally, this parent would be yue, which would lead to simplified Chinese, which would not be appropriate, so instead the CLDR provides zh-Hant

['yue-Hant', 'zh-Hant', 'und']

If an error occurred, it will set an error object and return undef in scalar context and an empty list in list context.

See the LDML specifications about inheritance and about locale inheritance and matching for more information.

metazone

my $ref = $cldr->metazone( metazone => 'Japan' ); # Japan Standard Time
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    metazone_id => 98,
    metazone    => 'Japan',
    territories => ["001"],
    timezones   => ["Asia/Tokyo"],
}

Returns an hash reference of a metazone information from the table metazones for a given metazone ID.

Quoting from the LDML specifications: "A metazone is a grouping of one or more internal TZIDs that share a common display name in current customary usage, or that have shared a common display name during some particular time period. For example, the zones Europe/Paris, Europe/Andorra, Europe/Tirane, Europe/Vienna, Europe/Sarajevo, Europe/Brussels, Europe/Zurich, Europe/Prague, Europe/Berlin, and so on are often simply designated Central European Time (or translated equivalent)."

Also: "Metazones are used with the 'z', 'zzzz', 'v', and 'vvvv' date time pattern characters, and not with the 'Z', 'ZZZZ', 'VVVV' and other pattern characters for time zone formatting."

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• metazone_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• metazone

  A metazone ID as defined by the LDML specifications

• territory

  An array of territory IDs as can be found in the table territories, and that are associated with this metazone.

• timezones

  An array of timezone IDs as can be found in the table timezones, and that are associated with this metazone.

metazones

my $all = $cldr->metazones;

Returns all metazones information from table metazones as an array reference of hash reference.

No additional parameter is needed.

metazone_names

my $ref = $cldr->metazone_names(
    locale      => 'en',
    metazone    => 'Japan',
    width       => 'long',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    metatz_name_id  => 4822,
    locale          => 'ja',
    metazone        => 'Japan',
    width           => 'long',
    generic         => 'Japan Time',
    standard        => 'Japan Standard Time',
    daylight        => 'Japan Daylight Time',
}

Returns an hash reference of a metazone names localised information from the table metazones_names for a given locale ID, metazone and width value.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• metatz_name_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• metazone

  A metazone such as can be found in table metazones

• width

  A metazone localised name width, which can be either long or short

  Note that not all metazones names have both width defined.

• generic

  The metazone generic name.

• standard

  The metazone standard name.

• standard

  The metazone daylight name defined if the metazone use daylight saving time system.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

metazones_names

my $all = $cldr->metazones_names;
my $all = $cldr->metazones_names( locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->metazones_names( width => 'long' );
my $all = $cldr->metazones_names(
    locale  => 'ja',
    width   => 'long',
);

Returns all metazone localised formats from table metazones_names as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• metazone

  A metazone such as can be found in table metazones

• width

  A metazone localised name width, which can be either long or short

  Note that not all timezones names have both width defined.

normalise

This takes a Unicode locale, which can be quite complexe, and normalise it, by replacing outdated elements (subtag) in the language, script, territory or variant part.

it returns a new Locale::Unicode object

You can also call this method as normalize

number_format_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->number_format_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'latn',
    number_type     => 'currency',
    format_length   => 'short',
    format_type     => 'standard',
    alt             => undef,
    count           => 'one',
    format_id       => 1000,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    number_format_id    => 2897,
    locale              => 'en',
    number_system       => 'latn',
    number_type         => 'currency',
    format_length       => 'short',
    format_type         => 'standard',
    format_id           => 1000,
    format_pattern      => '¤0K',
    alt                 => undef,
    count               => 'one',
}

Returns an hash reference of a number format localised information from the table number_formats_l10n for a given locale ID, number system, number_type, format_length, format_type, alt, count, and format_id. If no alt value or count value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• number_format_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• number_system

  A number_system ID as can be found in the table number_systems

• number_type

  A string representing a number type.

  Known values are: currency, decimal, misc, percent, scientific

• format_length

  A string representing a format length.

  Known values are: default, long, short

• format_type

  A string representing a format type.

  Known values are: accounting, default, standard

• format_id

  A string representing a format ID.

  Known values are:

  • 1000

    Thousand

  • 10000

    10 thousand

  • 100000

    100 thousand

  • 1000000

    Million

  • 10000000

    10 million

  • 100000000

    100 million

  • 1000000000

    Billion

  • 10000000000

    10 billion

  • 100000000000

    100 billion

  • 1000000000000

    Trillion

  • 10000000000000

    10 trillion

  • 100000000000000

    100 trillion

  • 1000000000000000

    Quadrillion

  • 10000000000000000

    10 quadrillion

  • 100000000000000000

    100 quadrillion

  • 1000000000000000000

    Quintillion

  • 10000000000000000000

    10 quintillion

  • atLeast

  • atMost

  • range

  • default

  • approximately

• format_pattern

  A string representing a localised pattern.

• alt

  A string to specify an alternative value for the same format_id

• count

  A string representing a count

  Known values are: undef, 1, few, many, one, other, two, zero

See the LDML specifications for more information.

number_formats_l10n

my $all = $cldr->number_formats_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->number_formats_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->number_formats_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'latn',
    number_type     => 'currency',
    format_length   => 'short',
    format_type     => 'standard',
);

Returns all number formats localised information from table number_formats_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• number_system

  A number_system ID as can be found in the table number_systems

• number_type

  A string representing a number type.

  Known values are: currency, decimal, misc, percent, scientific

• format_length

  A string representing a format length.

  Known values are: default, long, short

• format_type

  A string representing a format type.

  Known values are: accounting, default, standard

number_symbol_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->number_symbol_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'latn',
    property        => 'decimal',
    alt             => undef,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    number_symbol_id    => 113,
    locale              => 'en',
    number_system       => 'latn',
    property            => 'decimal',
    value               => '.',
    alt                 => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a number symbol localised information from the table number_symbols_l10n for a given locale ID, number_system, property value and alt value. If no alt value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• number_symbol_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• number_system

  A number_system ID as can be found in the table number_systems

  There are 69 number systems used in this table number_symbols_l10n out of the 88 known in the table number_systems

• property

  A string representing a number property.

  Known values are: approximately, currency_decimal, currency_group, decimal, exponential, group, infinity, list, minus, nan, per_mille, percent, plus, superscript, time_separator

  Note that not all locales have all those properties defined.

  For example, the locale en has the following properties defined for number system latn: decimal, exponential, group, infinity, list, minus, nan, per_mille, percent, plus, superscript

  Whereas, the locale ja only has this property defined and only for the number system latn: approximately

  This is because, it inherits from root, i.e. the special locale und

• alt

  A string specified to provide for an alternative property value for the same property name.

number_symbols_l10n

my $all = $cldr->number_symbols_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->number_symbols_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->number_symbols_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'latn',
);

Returns all number symbols localised information from table number_symbols_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• number_system

  A number_system ID as can be found in the table number_systems

number_system

my $ref = $cldr->number_system( number_system => 'jpan' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    numsys_id       => 35,
    number_system   => 'jpan',
    digits          => ["〇", "一", "二", "三", "四", "五", "六", "七", "八", "九"],
    type            => 'algorithmic',
}

Returns an hash reference of a number_system information from the table number_systems for a given number_system ID.

There are 88 known number systems.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• numsys_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• number_system

  A string representing a number system ID.

• digits

  An array of digits in their locale form, from 0 to 9

• type

  A string representing the type for this number system.

  Known types are: algorithmic, numeric

number_systems

my $all = $cldr->number_systems;

Returns all number systems information from table number_systems as an array reference of hash reference.

There are 88 known number systems:

• adlm

  Adlam Digits

• ahom

  Ahom Digits

• arab

  Arabic-Indic Digits

• arabext

  Extended Arabic-Indic Digits

• arabext

  X Arabic-Indic Digits

• armn

  Armenian Numerals

• armnlow

  Armenian Lowercase Numerals

• bali

  Balinese Digits

• beng

  Bangla Digits

• bhks

  Bhaiksuki Digits

• brah

  Brahmi Digits

• cakm

  Chakma Digits

• cham

  Cham Digits

• cyrl

  Cyrillic Numerals

• deva

  Devanagari Digits

• diak

  Dives Akuru Digits

• ethi

  Ethiopic Numerals

• fullwide

  Full-Width Digits

• geor

  Georgian Numerals

• gong

  Gunjala Gondi digits

• gonm

  Masaram Gondi digits

• grek

  Greek Numerals

• greklow

  Greek Lowercase Numerals

• gujr

  Gujarati Digits

• guru

  Gurmukhi Digits

• hanidays

  Chinese Calendar Day-of-Month Numerals

• hanidec

  Chinese Decimal Numerals

• hans

  Simplified Chinese Numerals

• hansfin

  Simplified Chinese Financial Numerals

• hant

  Traditional Chinese Numerals

• hantfin

  Traditional Chinese Financial Numerals

• hebr

  Hebrew Numerals

• hmng

  Pahawh Hmong Digits

• hmnp

  Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong Digits

• java

  Javanese Digits

• jpan

  Japanese Numerals

• jpanfin

  Japanese Financial Numerals

• jpanyear

  Japanese Calendar Gannen Year Numerals

• kali

  Kayah Li Digits

• kawi

  Kawi Digits

• khmr

  Khmer Digits

• knda

  Kannada Digits

• lana

  Tai Tham Hora Digits

• lanatham

  Tai Tham Tham Digits

• laoo

  Lao Digits

• latn

  Western Digits

• lepc

  Lepcha Digits

• limb

  Limbu Digits

• mathbold

  Mathematical Bold Digits

• mathdbl

  Mathematical Double-Struck Digits

• mathmono

  Mathematical Monospace Digits

• mathsanb

  Mathematical Sans-Serif Bold Digits

• mathsans

  Mathematical Sans-Serif Digits

• mlym

  Malayalam Digits

• modi

  Modi Digits

• mong

  Mongolian Digits

• mroo

  Mro Digits

• mtei

  Meetei Mayek Digits

• mymr

  Myanmar Digits

• mymrshan

  Myanmar Shan Digits

• mymrtlng

  Myanmar Tai Laing Digits

• nagm

  Nag Mundari Digits

• newa

  Newa Digits

• nkoo

  N’Ko Digits

• olck

  Ol Chiki Digits

• orya

  Odia Digits

• osma

  Osmanya Digits

• rohg

  Hanifi Rohingya digits

• roman

  Roman Numerals

• romanlow

  Roman Lowercase Numerals

• saur

  Saurashtra Digits

• segment

  Segmented Digits

• shrd

  Sharada Digits

• sind

  Khudawadi Digits

• sinh

  Sinhala Lith Digits

• sora

  Sora Sompeng Digits

• sund

  Sundanese Digits

• takr

  Takri Digits

• talu

  New Tai Lue Digits

• taml

  Traditional Tamil Numerals

• tamldec

  Tamil Digits

• telu

  Telugu Digits

• thai

  Thai Digits

• tibt

  Tibetan Digits

• tirh

  Tirhuta Digits

• tnsa

  Tangsa Digits

• vaii

  Vai Digits

• wara

  Warang Citi Digits

• wcho

  Wancho Digits

number_system_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->number_system_l10n(
    number_system => 'jpan',
    locale => 'en',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    num_sys_l10n_id => 1335,
    locale          => 'en',
    number_system   => 'jpan',
    locale_name     => 'Japanese Numerals',
    alt             => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a number_system localised information from the table number_systems_l10n for a given number_system ID and a locale ID.

There are 190 known localised information for number systems.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• num_sys_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• number_system

  A string representing a number system ID.

• locale_name

  A string representing the number system in the locale

• alt

  A string specifying an alternative version for an otherwise same number system.

number_systems_l10n

my $all = $cldr->number_systems_l10n;

Returns all number systems localised information from table number_systems_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

person_name_default

my $ref = $cldr->person_name_default( locale => 'ja' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    pers_name_def_id    => 3,
    locale              => 'ja',
    value               => 'surnameFirst',
}

Returns an hash reference of a person name defaults information from the table person_name_defaults for a given locale ID.

Be aware that there are very few data. This is because the entry for locale und (undefined), contains the default value. Thus, if there is no data for the desired locale, you should fallback to und

This is the way the Unicode CLDR data is structured.

person_name_defaults

my $all = $cldr->person_name_defaults;

Returns all person name defaults information from table person_name_defaults as an array reference of hash reference.

rbnf

my $ref = $cldr->rbnf(
    locale => 'ja',
    ruleset => 'spellout-cardinal',
    rule_id => 7,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    rbnf_id     => 7109,
    locale      => 'ja',
    grouping    => 'SpelloutRules',
    ruleset     => 'spellout-cardinal',
    rule_id     => '7',
    rule_value  => '七;',
}

Returns an hash reference of a RBNF (Rule-Based Number Format) information from the table rbnf for a given locale ID, a rule set ruleset and a rule ID rule_id.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• rbnf_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• grouping

  A string representing a RBNF grouping.

  Known values are: NumberingSystemRules, OrdinalRules, SpelloutRules

• ruleset

  A string representing the rule set name.

• rule_id

  A string representing the rule ID.

• rule_value

  A string containing the rule value.

  Make sure to read the LDML documentation, as it may contain information to alias this rule on another one.

rbnfs

my $all = $cldr->rbnfs;
my $all = $cldr->rbnfs( locale => 'ko' );
my $all = $cldr->rbnfs( grouping => 'SpelloutRules' );
my $all = $cldr->rbnfs( ruleset => 'spellout-cardinal-native' );

Returns all RBNF (Rule-Based Number Format) information from table rbnf as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• grouping

  A group value. Known values are: NumberingSystemRules, OrdinalRules and SpelloutRules

• locale

  A locale such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• ruleset

  The name of a rule set.

reference

my $ref = $cldr->reference( code => 'R1131' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    ref_id  => 132,
    code    => 'R1131',
    uri     => 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore',
    description => 'English is the first language learned by half the children by the time they reach preschool age; using 92.6% of pop for the English figure',
}

Returns an hash reference of a reference information from the table refs for a given code.

references

my $all = $cldr->references;

Returns all reference information from table refs as an array reference of hash reference.

No additional parameter is needed.

script

my $ref = $cldr->script( script => 'Jpan' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    script_id       => 73,
    script          => 'Jpan',
    rank            => 5,
    sample_char     => '3048',
    id_usage        => 'RECOMMENDED',
    rtl             => 0,
    lb_letters      => 1,
    has_case        => 0,
    shaping_req     => 0,
    ime             => 1,
    density         => 2,
    origin_country  => 'JP',
    likely_language => 'ja',
    status          => 'regular',
}

Returns an hash reference of a script information from the table scripts for a given script ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

The information is quoted directly from the CLDR data.

• script_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• script

  A string representing a script ID

• rank

  "The approximate rank of this script from a large sample of the web, in terms of the number of characters found in that script. Below 32 the ranking is not statistically significant."

• sample_char

  "A sample character for use in "Last Resort" style fonts. For printing the combining mark for Zinh in a chart, U+25CC can be prepended. See http://unicode.org/policies/lastresortfont_eula.html"

• id_usage

  "The usage for IDs (tables 4-7) according to UAX #31."

  For a description of values, see

  http://unicode.org/reports/tr31/#Table_Candidate_Characters_for_Exclusion_from_Identifiers

• rtl

  True "if the script is RTL. Derived from whether the script contains RTL letters according to the Bidi_Class property"

• lb_letters

  True "if the major languages using the script allow linebreaks between letters (excluding hyphenation). Derived from LB property."

• has_case

  True "if in modern (or most recent) usage case distinctions are customary."

• shaping_req

  True "if shaping is required for the major languages using that script for NFC text. This includes not only ligation (and Indic conjuncts), Indic vowel splitting/reordering, and Arabic-style contextual shaping, but also cases where NSM placement is required, like Thai. MIN if NSM placement is sufficient, not the more complex shaping. The NSM placement may only be necessary for some major languages using the script."

• ime

  Input Method Engine.

  True "if the major languages using the script require IMEs. In particular, users (of languages for that script) would be accustomed to using IMEs (such as Japanese) and typical commercial products for those languages would need IME support in order to be competitive."

• density

  "The approximate information density of characters in this script, based on comparison of bilingual texts."

• origin_country

  "The approximate area where the script originated, expressed as a BCP47 region code."

• likely_language

  The likely language associated with this script

• status

  A string representing the status for this script

  Known values are: deprecated, private_use, regular, reserved, special, unknown

See also the Unicode list of known scripts

scripts

my $all = $cldr->scripts;
my $all = $cldr->scripts( rtl => 1 );
my $all = $cldr->scripts( origin_country => 'FR' );
my $all = $cldr->scripts( likely_language => 'fr' );

Returns all scripts information from table scripts as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• likely_language

  A locale such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• origin_country

  A territory code as can be found in table territories

• rtl

  A boolean value. 0 for false and 1 for true.

script_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->script_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    script  => 'Latn',
    alt     => undef,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    scripts_l10n_id => 3636,
    locale          => 'en',
    script          => 'Latn',
    locale_name     => 'Latin',
    alt             => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a script localised information from the table scripts_l10n for a given script ID and a locale ID and a alt value. If no alt value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• scripts_l10n_id

  This is a unique incremental integer automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• script

  A 3 to 4-characters script ID as can be found in the table scripts

• locale_name

  The localised script name based on the locale specified.

• alt

  A string, that is optional, and is used to provide an alternative version. Known alt values are: undef, secondary, short, stand-alone, variant

scripts_l10n

my $all = $cldr->scripts_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->scripts_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->scripts_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    alt     => undef,
);

Returns all localised scripts information from table scripts_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• alt

  A string, that is optional, and is used to provide an alternative version. Known alt values are: undef, secondary, short, stand-alone, variant

split_interval

my $ref = $cldr->split_interval(
    pattern => $string,
    greatest_diff => 'd',
) || die( $cldr->error );

This takes an hash or hash reference of options and it returns a 4-elements array reference containing:

1. first part of the pattern

2. the separator, which may be an empty string

3. second part of the pattern

4. the best repeating pattern found

The required options are:

• greatest_diff

  A token representing the greatest difference.

  Known values are: B, G, H, M, a, d, h, m, y

  See "Format Patterns" for their meaning.

• pattern

  A interval pattern, such as one you can get with the method calendar_interval_format

This method is provided as a convenience, but the interval formats data in the database have already been pre-processed, so you do not have to do it.

subdivision

my $ref = $cldr->subdivision( subdivision => 'jp12' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    subdivision_id  => 2748,
    territory       => 'JP',
    subdivision     => 'jp12',
    parent          => 'JP',
    is_top_level    => 1,
    status          => 'regular',
}

Returns an hash reference of a subdivision information from the table subdivisions for a given subdivision ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• subdivision_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• territory

  A territory ID, such as can be found in table territories

• subdivision

  A string representing a subdivision ID

• parent

  A string representing a parent for this subdivision. It can be either another subdivision ID, or a territory ID, if this is a top subdivision

• is_top_level

  A boolean value representing whether this subdivision is directly under a territory or rather under another subdivision

• status

  A string representing the status for this subdivision.

  Known values are: deprecated, regular, unknown

subdivisions

my $all = $cldr->subdivisions;
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions( territory => 'JP' );
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions( parent => 'US' );
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions( is_top_level => 1 );

Returns all subdivisions information from table subdivisions as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• is_top_level

  A boolean value. 0 for false and 1 for true.

• parent

  A territory code as can be found in table territories

• territory

  A territory code as can be found in table territories

subdivision_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->subdivision_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    # Texas
    subdivision => 'ustx',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    subdiv_l10n_id  => 56463,
    locale          => 'en',
    subdivision     => 'ustx',
    locale_name     => 'Texas',
}

Returns an hash reference of a subdivision localised information from the table subdivisions_l10n for a given subdivision ID and a locale ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• subdiv_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• subdivision

  A subdivision ID as can be found from the table subdivisions

• locale_name

  A string representing the localised name of the subdivision in the locale specified.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

subdivisions_l10n

my $all = $cldr->subdivisions_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->subdivisions_l10n( locale => 'en' );

Returns all subdivisions localised information from table subdivisions_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

territory

my $ref = $cldr->territory( territory => 'FR' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    territory_id        => 118,
    territory           => 'FR',
    parent              => 155,
    gdp                 => 2856000000000,
    literacy_percent    => 99,
    population          => 67848200,
    languages           => ["fr", "en", "es", "de", "oc", "it", "pt", "pcd", "gsw", "br", "co", "hnj", "ca", "eu", "nl", "frp", "ia"],
    contains            => undef,
    currency            => 'EUR',
    calendars           => undef,
    min_days            => 4,
    first_day           => 1,
    weekend             => undef,
    status              => 'regular',
}

Returns an hash reference of a territory information from the table territories for a given territory ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• territory

  A 2-characters code designating a country code, which may not necessarily be an active ISO 3166 code, because the CLDR keeps outdated ones for consistency.

  It can also be a 3-digits world region code.

• parent

  A parent territory, if one is defined. For example, France (FR) has parent 155 representing Western Europe, which has parent 150, representing Europe, which, itself, has parent 001, representing the world.

• gdp

  The territory GDP (Gross Domestic Product), which may be undef, especially for world region.

• literacy_percent

  The literacy percentage of the population expressed as a decimal. For example, a value of 99 means 99%

• population

  The territory population as an integer.

• languages

  The languages known to be spoken in this territory, as an array of language IDs. For significant languages, you can get more information, such as their share of the population with language_population

• contains

  An array of territory codes contained by this territory. This may be undef

  This value is typically set for world region codes and for special territories like EU, EZ, QO and UN

• currency

  The official currency used in this territory. This may be undef such as for world regions.

• calendars

  An array of calendar systems used in this territory

• min_days

  This is used to decide if the week starting with first_day is to ne included in the calendar as the first week of the new yer or last week of the previous year.

  See the LDML specifications

• first_day

  The first day of the week. Although in the Unicode LDML, the weekday names are identified with short strings, since there is no universally-accepted numeric designation, here the value used is an integer from 1 (Monday) to 7 (Sunday)

• weekend

  An array of week days (identified by integers as explained in first_day). This value may be null, in which case, the default value to be used is the one set in the World region (001), which is [6,7], i.e. Saturday and Sunday.

• status

  A string representing the status for this territory.

  Known status values are: deprecated, macroregion, private_use, regular, reserved, special, unknown

territories

my $all = $cldr->territories;
my $all = $cldr->territories( parent => 150 );

Returns all territories information from table territories as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• parent

  A territory code as can be found in table territories

territory_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->territory_l10n(
    locale      => 'en',
    territory   => 'JP',
    alt         => undef,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    terr_l10n_id    => 13385,
    locale          => 'en',
    territory       => 'JP',
    locale_name     => 'Japan',
    alt             => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a territory localised information from the table territories_l10n for a given territory ID and a locale ID and an alt value. If no alt value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• terr_l10n_id

  This is a unique incremental integer automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• territory

  A 2-characters country code or a 3-digits region code as can be found in the table territories

• locale_name

  The localised territory name based on the locale specified.

• alt

  A string, that is optional, and is used to provide an alternative version. Known alt values are: undef, biot, chagos, short, variant

territories_l10n

my $all = $cldr->territories_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->territories_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->territories_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    alt     => undef,
);

Returns all localised territories information from table territories_l10n as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• alt

  A string, that is optional, and is used to provide an alternative version. Known alt values are: undef, biot, chagos, short, variant

time_format

my $ref = $cldr->time_format( region => 'JP' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    time_format_id  => 86,
    region          => 'JP',
    territory       => 'JP',
    locale          => undef,
    time_format     => 'H',
    time_allowed    =>  ["H", "K", "h"],
}

Returns an hash reference of a time format information from the table time_formats for a given region ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• time_format_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• region

  A string representing a region, which can be a territory code, such as US or 419, or a language ID with a territory ID, such as it-CH or en-001.

• territory

  A string representing the territory part of the region as can be found in table territories

• locale

  A string representing the locale part of the region value.

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• time_format

  A short string representing a time format.

  Known values are: H and h

• time_allowed

  An array of format allowed.

  For example:

  ["H","h","hB","hb"]

See the LDML specifications for more information.

time_formats

my $all = $cldr->time_formats;
my $all = $cldr->time_formats( region => 'US' );
my $all = $cldr->time_formats( territory => 'JP' );
my $all = $cldr->time_formats( locale => undef );
my $all = $cldr->time_formats( locale => 'en' );

Returns all time formats information from table time_formats as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• region

  A territory code as can be found in table territories

• territory

  A territory code as can be found in table territories

timezone

my $ref = $cldr->timezone( timezone => 'Asia/Tokyo' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    timezone_id => 281,
    timezone    => 'Asia/Tokyo',
    territory   => 'JP',
    region      => 'Asia',
    tzid        => 'japa',
    metazone    => 'Japan',
    tz_bcpid    => 'jptyo',
    is_golden   => 1,
    is_primary  => 0,
    is_preferred => 0,
    is_canonical => 0,
}

Returns an hash reference of a time zone information from the table timezones based on the timezone ID provided.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• timezone_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• timezone

  A timezone ID

• territory

  A string representing a territory code as can be found in table territories

• region

  A string representing a world region.

  Known regions are; Africa, America, Antarctica, Arctic, Asia, Atlantic, Australia, CST6CDT, EST5EDT, Etc, Europe, Indian, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, Pacific

• tzid

  A string representing a timezone ID

• metazone

  A string representing a metazone ID

• tz_bcpid

  A boolean specifying whether this timezone ID is also a BCP47 timezone.

• is_golden

  A boolean specifying whether this timezone is a golden timezone.

  A timezone is deemed golden if it is specified in the CLDR as part of the primaryZones or if the timezone territory is 001 (World).

  As explained in the LDML specifications, "[t]he golden zones are those in mapZone supplemental data under the territory 001."

• is_primary

  A boolean specifying whether this timezone is a primary timezone.

  As explained in the LDML specifications, this "specifies the dominant zone for a region; this zone should use the region name for its generic location name even though there are other canonical zones available in the same region. For example, Asia/Shanghai is displayed as China Time, instead of Shanghai Time"

• is_preferred

  A boolean specifying whether this timezone is the preferred timezone for this metazone

• is_canonical

  A boolean specifying whether this timezone is the canonical timezone, since it can have multiple aliases.

timezones

my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones;
# Or, providing with some filtering arguments
# Returns all the timezones for the country code 'JP'
my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones( territory => 'JP' );
# Returns all the timezones for the region code 'Asia'
my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones( region => 'Asia' );
 # Returns all the timezones that match the CLDR timezone ID 'japa'
my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones( tzid => 'japa' );
 # Returns all the timezones that match the BCP47 timezone ID 'jptyo'
my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones( tz_bcpid => 'jptyo' );
 # Returns all the timezones that have the CLDR metazone 'Japan'
my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones( metazone => 'Japan' );
# Returns all the timezones that are 'golden' timezones
my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones( is_golden => 1 );
my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones( is_primary => 1 );
my $array_ref = $cldr->timezones( is_canonical => 1 );

Returns all the timezone information as an array reference of hash reference from the table timezones

You can adjust the data return by using a combination of the following filtering arguments:

• territory

  A territory code as can be found in table territories

• region

  A world region. Known values are: Africa, America, Antarctica, Arctic, Asia, Atlantic, Australia, CST6CDT, EST5EDT, Etc, Europe, Indian, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, Pacific

• tzid

  A Unicode timezone ID

• tz_bcpid

  A Unicode BCP47 timezone ID.

• metazone

  A Unicode metazone ID.

• is_golden

  A boolean expressing whether this time zone is golden (in Unicode parlance), or not. 1 for true, and 0 for false.

• is_primary

  A boolean specifying whether this timezone is a primary timezone.

• is_canonical

  A boolean specifying whether this timezone is the canonical timezone, since it can have multiple aliases.

timezone_canonical

my $str = $cldr->timezone_canonical( 'Europe/Paris' );
# Europe/Paris
my $str = $cldr->timezone_canonical( 'America/Atka' );
# America/Adak
my $str = $cldr->timezone_canonical( 'US/Aleutian' );
# America/Adak

Provided with a timezone, and this returns the canonical timezone corresponding.

If no matching timezone could be found, an empty string is returned.

If an error occurred, this sets an exception object, and returns undef in scalar context, and an empty list in list context.

timezone_city

my $ref = $cldr->timezone_city(
    locale   => 'de',
    timezone => 'Asia/Tokyo',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    tz_city_id  => 7486,
    locale      => 'de',
    timezone    => 'Asia/Tokyo',
    city        => 'Tokio',
    alt         => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a timezone localised exemplar city from the table timezones_cities for a given locale ID, timezone and alt value. If no alt value is provided, it will default to undef

The behaviour of this method is altered depending on whether extend_timezones_cities is set to a true boolean value or not. If set to true, this will retrieve the data from the table timezones_cities_extended instead of the timezones_cities

By default, extend_timezones_cities is set to true, and the Locale::Unicode::Data distribution comes with an extended set of time zones cities. The default Unicode CLDR data comes only with a minimal set.

This method is especially used to format the pattern characters v and V. See the section on Format Patterns for more about this.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• tz_city_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• timezone

  A timezone ID as can be found in the table timezones

• city

  A localised version of a representative city for this given timezone.

  Note that not all locales have a localised city for all timezones.

• alt

  A string specified to provide for an alternative city value for the same city name.

  Known values are: undef and secondary

timezones_cities

my $all = $cldr->timezones_cities;
my $all = $cldr->timezones_cities( locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_cities(
    locale  => 'ja',
    alt     => undef,
);

Returns all timezone localised representative city name from table timezones_cities as an array reference of hash reference.

The behaviour of this method is altered depending on whether extend_timezones_cities is set to a true boolean value or not. If set to true, this will retrieve the data from the table timezones_cities_extended instead of the timezones_cities

By default, extend_timezones_cities is set to true, and the Locale::Unicode::Data distribution comes with an extended set of time zones cities. The default Unicode CLDR data comes only with a minimal set.

This method is especially used to format the pattern characters v and V. See the section on Format Patterns for more about this.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• alt

  A string used to differentiate two version of a localised city name.

  Known values are: undef and secondary

timezone_formats

my $ref = $cldr->timezone_formats(
    locale  => 'en',
    type    => 'region',
    subtype => 'standard',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    tz_fmt_id       => 145,
    locale          => 'en',
    type            => 'region',
    subtype         => 'standard',
    format_pattern  => '{0} Standard Time',
}

Returns an hash reference of a timezone formats localised information from the table timezones_formats for a given locale ID, type and optional subtype value. If no subtype value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• tz_fmt_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• type

  A format type. This can be either: fallback, gmt, gmt_zero, hour and region

  • fallback

    Quoting the LDML specifications: "a formatting string such as {1} ({0}), where {1} is the metazone, and {0} is the country or city."

    For example: {1} ({0}), which would yield in English: Pacific Time (Canada)

  • gmt

    A formatting string, such as GMT{0}, where {0} is the GMT offset in hour, minute, and possibly seconds, using the hour formatting.

    For example: GMT{0}, which would yield in English: GMT-0800

  • hour

    2 formatting strings separated by a semicolon; one for the positive offset formatting and the other for the negative offset formatting.

    See the section on formatting patterns for the significance of the letters used in formatting.

    For example: +HHmm;-HHmm, which would yield in English: +1200

  • gmt_zero

    For example: GMT

    This specifies how GMT/UTC with no explicit offset (implied 0 offset) should be represented.

  • region

    Quoting the LDML specifications: "a formatting string such as {0} Time, where {0} is the country or city."

    For example: {0} Daylight Time, which would yield in English: France Daylight Time, or in Spanish, the pattern horario de verano de {0}, which would yield horario de verano de Francia

• subtype

  A timezone format subtype, such as daylight, standard

  Note that not all timezones and locales have a localised daylight or standard format

• format_pattern

  A string representing the format pattern.

See the LDML specifications and specifications about fallback formats for more information.

timezones_formats

my $all = $cldr->timezones_formats;
my $all = $cldr->timezones_formats( locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_formats(
    locale  => 'ja',
    type    => 'region',
);
my $all = $cldr->timezones_formats(
    locale  => 'ja',
    subtype => 'standard',
);
my $all = $cldr->timezones_formats(
    format_pattern  => '{0} Daylight Time',
);

Returns all timezone localised formats from table timezones_formats as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• type

  A format type. This can be either: fallback, gmt, gmt_zero, hour and region

• subtype

  A timezone format subtype, such as daylight, standard

  Note that not all timezones and locales have a localised daylight or standard format

timezone_info

my $ref = $cldr->timezone_info(
    timezone    => 'Europe/Simferopol',
    start       => '1994-04-30T21:00:00',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    tzinfo_id   => 594,
    timezone    => 'Europe/Simferopol',
    metazone    => 'Moscow',
    start       => '1994-04-30T21:00:00',
    until       => '1997-03-30T01:00:00',
}

or, maybe, simpler, using the advanced search:

my $ref = $cldr->timezone_info(
    timezone    => 'Europe/Simferopol',
    start       => ['>1992-01-01', '<1995-01-01'],
);

That way, you do not need to know the exact date.

Returns an hash reference of a timezone historical information from the table timezones_info for a given timezone ID and a start datetime. If no start value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• tzinfo_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• timezone

  A timezone, such as Asia/Tokyo table timezones

• metazone

  A metazone ID

  There are 190 known metazone IDs

• start

  An ISO8601 start datetime value for this timezone.

  This may be undef

• until

  An ISO8601 datetime value representing the date and time until which this timezone was valid.

  It may be undef

timezones_info

my $all = $cldr->timezones_info;
my $all = $cldr->timezones_info( timezone => 'Europe/Simferopol' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_info( metazone => 'Singapore' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_info( start => undef );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_info( until => undef );

Returns all the timezone information as an array reference of hash reference from the table timezones_info

You can adjust the data return by using a combination of the following filtering arguments:

• metazone

  A Unicode metazone ID

• start

  An ISO8601 date and time from which to find data. For example: 2014-10-25T14:00:00

• timezone

  A timezone value.

• until

  An ISO8601 date and time until which to find data. For example: 2016-03-26T18:00:00

timezone_names

my $ref = $cldr->timezone_names(
    locale      => 'ja',
    timezone    => 'Europe/London',
    width       => 'long',
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    tz_name_id      => 85,
    locale          => 'ja',
    timezone        => 'Europe/London',
    width           => 'long',
    generic         => undef,
    standard        => undef,
    daylight        => '英国夏時間',
}

Returns an hash reference of a timezone names localised information from the table timezones_names for a given locale ID, timezone and width value.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• tz_name_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• timezone

  A timezone such as can be found in table timezones

• width

  A timezone localised name width, which can be either long or short

  Note that not all timezones names have both width defined.

• generic

  The timezone generic name.

• standard

  The timezone standard name.

• standard

  The timezone daylight name defined if the timezone use daylight saving time system.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

timezones_names

my $all = $cldr->timezones_names;
my $all = $cldr->timezones_names( locale => 'ja' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_names( width => 'long' );
my $all = $cldr->timezones_names(
    locale  => 'ja',
    width   => 'long',
);

Returns all timezone localised formats from table timezones_names as an array reference of hash reference.

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• timezone

  A timezone such as can be found in table timezones

• width

  A timezone localised name width, which can be either long or short

  Note that not all timezones names have both width defined.

unit_alias

my $ref = $cldr->unit_alias( alias => 'meter-per-second-squared' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    unit_alias_id   => 3,
    alias           => 'meter-per-second-squared',
    target          => 'meter-per-square-second',
    reason          => 'deprecated',
}

Or, maybe simpler, using the advanced search:

my $ref = $cldr->unit_alias( alias => '~^meter.*' );

or

my $ref = $cldr->unit_alias( alias => qr/^meter.*/ );

Returns an hash reference of a unit alias information from the table unit_aliases based on the alias ID provided.

unit_aliases

my $all = $cldr->unit_aliases;

Returns all the unit alias information as an array reference of hash reference from the table unit_aliases

No additional parameter is needed.

unit_constant

my $ref = $cldr->unit_constant( constant => 'lb_to_kg' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    unit_constant_id    => 1,
    constant            => 'lb_to_kg',
    expression          => 0.45359237,
    value               => 0.45359237,
    description         => undef,
    status              => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a unit constant information from the table unit_constants based on the constant ID provided.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• unit_constant_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• constant

  The unit constant ID.

• expression

  The constant expression as defined in CLDR

• value

  The constant resolved value, computed from the expression specified.

• description

  A string describing the constant.

• status

  A string representing the status for this constant

unit_constants

my $all = $cldr->unit_constants;

Returns all the unit constants information as an array reference of hash reference from the table unit_constants

No additional parameter is needed.

unit_conversion

my $ref = $cldr->unit_conversion( source => 'kilogram' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    unit_conversion_id  => 9,
    source              => 'kilogram',
    base_unit           => 'kilogram',
    expression          => undef,
    factor              => undef,
    systems             => ["si", "metric"],
    category            => 'mass',
}

Returns an hash reference of a unit conversion information from the table unit_conversions based on the source ID provided.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• unit_conversion_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• source

  A string representing the unit source.

• base_unit

  A string representing the base unit for this unit conversion

• expression

  A string representing the unit expression, if any.

• factor

  A string representing the unit factor value, if any.

• systems

  An array of string representing the unit conversion systems.

• category

  A string representing the unit conversion category.

  Known category values are: acceleration, angle, area, catalytic-activity, concentration-mass, digital, electric-capacitance, electric-charge, electric-conductance, electric-current, electric-inductance, electric-resistance, energy, force, frequency, graphics, ionizing-radiation, length, luminance, luminous-flux, luminous-intensity, magnetic-flux, magnetic-induction, mass, portion, power, pressure, pressure-per-length, radioactivity, solid-angle, speed, substance-amount, temperature, th, time, typewidth, voltage, volume, year-duration

unit_conversions

my $all = $cldr->unit_conversions;
my $all = $cldr->unit_conversions( base_unit => 'kilogram' );;
my $all = $cldr->unit_conversions( category => 'mass' );

Returns all the unit conversion information as an array reference of hash reference from the table unit_conversions

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• base_unit

  A base unit ID.

• category

  A category ID. Known categories are: acceleration, angle, area, catalytic-activity, concentration-mass, digital, electric-capacitance, electric-charge, electric-conductance, electric-current, electric-inductance, electric-resistance, energy, force, frequency, graphics, ionizing-radiation, length, luminance, luminous-flux, luminous-intensity, magnetic-flux, magnetic-induction, mass, portion, power, pressure, pressure-per-length, radioactivity, solid-angle, speed, substance-amount, temperature, th, time, typewidth, voltage, volume, year-duration

unit_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->unit_l10n(
    unit_id         => 'length-kilometer',
    locale          => 'en',
    # long, narrow, short
    format_length   => 'long',
    # compound, regular
    unit_type       => 'regular',
    count           => 'one',
    gender          => undef,
    gram_case       => undef,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    units_l10n_id   => 25599,
    locale          => 'en',
    format_length   => 'long',
    unit_type       => 'regular',
    unit_id         => 'length-kilometer',
    unit_pattern    => '{0} kilometer',
    pattern_type    => 'regular',
    locale_name     => 'kilometers',
    count           => 'one',
    gender          => undef,
    gram_case       => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a unit localised information from the table units_l10n for a given locale ID, format_length, unit_type, unit_id, count, gender, gram_case.

If no count, gender, or gram_case value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• units_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• format_length

  A string representing the unit format length

  Known values are: long, narrow, short

• unit_type

  A string representing a unit type.

  Known values are: compound and regular

• unit_id

  A string representing a unit ID.

• unit_pattern

  A string representing a localised unit pattern.

• pattern_type

  A string representing a pattern type.

  Known values are: per-unit, prefix, regular

• locale_name

  A string containing the localised representation of this unit

  Note that there is no locale_name value for unit of type compound in the CLDR data.

• count

  A string used to differentiate identical values.

  Known values are: undef, one, other, zero, two, few, many

• gender

  A string representing the gender associated with the unit

  The locales that are known to use gender information for units are:

  • ar

    Arabic

  • ca

    Catalan

  • cs

    Czech

  • da

    Danish

  • de

    German

  • el

    Greek

  • es

    Spanish

  • fr

    French

  • fr-CA

    Canadian French

  • gu

    Gujarati

  • he

    Hebrew

  • hi

    Hindi

  • hr

    Croatian

  • is

    Icelandic

  • it

    Italian

  • kn

    Kannada

  • lt

    Lithuanian

  • lv

    Latvian

  • ml

    Malayalam

  • mr

    Marathi

  • nl

    Dutch

  • nn

    Norwegian Nynorsk

  • no

    Norwegian

  • pa

    Punjabi

  • pl

    Polish

  • pt

    Portuguese

  • ro

    Romanian

  • ru

    Russian

  • sk

    Slovak

  • sl

    Slovenian

  • sr

    Serbian

  • sv

    Swedish

  • uk

    Ukrainian

  • ur

    Urdu

• gram_case

  A string representing a grammatical case.

  Known values are: ablative, accusative, dative, elative, ergative, genitive, illative, instrumental, locative, oblique, partitive, prepositional, sociative, terminative, translative, vocative

See the LDML specifications for more information.

units_l10n

my $all = $cldr->units_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->units_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->units_l10n(
    locale          => 'en',
    format_length   => 'long',
    unit_type       => 'regular',
    unit_id         => 'length-kilometer',
    pattern_type    => 'regular',
);

Returns all the unit prefixes information as an array reference of hash reference from the table units_l10n

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• format_length

  A string representing the unit format length

  Known values are: long, narrow, short

• unit_type

  A string representing a unit type.

  Known values are: compound and regular

• unit_id

  A string representing a unit ID.

• pattern_type

  A string representing a pattern type.

  Known values are: per-unit, prefix, regular

unit_prefix

my $ref = $cldr->unit_prefix( unit_id => 'micro' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    unit_prefix_id  => 9,
    unit_id         => 'micro',
    symbol          => 'μ',
    power           => 10,
    factor          => -6,
}

Returns an hash reference of a unit prefix information from the table unit_prefixes based on the unit_id ID provided.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• unit_prefix_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• unit_id

  A unit ID

• symbol

  A string representing the unit symbol.

• power

  A value representing the unit power

• factor

  A value representing the unit factor.

unit_prefixes

my $all = $cldr->unit_prefixes;

Returns all the unit prefixes information as an array reference of hash reference from the table unit_prefixes

No additional parameter is needed.

unit_pref

my $ref = $cldr->unit_pref( unit_id => 'square-meter' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    unit_pref_id    => 3,
    unit_id         => 'square-meter',
    territory       => '001',
    category        => 'area',
    usage           => 'default',
    geq             => undef,
    skeleton        => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a unit preference information from the table unit_prefs based on the unit_id ID provided.

unit_prefs

my $all = $cldr->unit_prefs;
my $all = $cldr->unit_prefs( territory => 'US' );
my $all = $cldr->unit_prefs( category => 'area' );

Returns all the unit preferences information as an array reference of hash reference from the table unit_prefs

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• territory

  A territory code as can be found in table territories

• category

  A category ID. Known categories are: area, concentration, consumption, duration, energy, length, mass, mass-density, power, pressure, speed, temperature, volume, year-duration

unit_quantity

my $ref = $cldr->unit_quantity( base_unit => 'kilogram' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    unit_quantity_id    => 4,
    base_unit           => 'kilogram',
    quantity            => 'mass',
    status              => 'simple',
    comment             => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a unit quantities information from the table unit_quantities based on the unit_id ID provided.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• unit_quantity_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• base_unit

  A string representing the base unit.

• quantity

  A string representing the unit quantity.

  Known values are: acceleration, angle, area, catalytic-activity, concentration, concentration-mass, consumption, current-density, digital, duration, electric-capacitance, electric-charge, electric-conductance, electric-current, electric-inductance, electric-resistance, energy, force, frequency, graphics, illuminance, ionizing-radiation, length, luminous-flux, luminous-intensity, magnetic-field-strength, magnetic-flux, magnetic-induction, mass, mass-density, mass-fraction, portion, power, pressure, pressure-per-length, radioactivity, resolution, solid-angle, specific-volume, speed, substance-amount, temperature, typewidth, voltage, volume, wave-number, year-duration

• status

  A string representing the unit status.

  Known values are: undef and simple

• comment

  A text providing some comments about this unit quantity.

unit_quantities

my $all = $cldr->unit_quantities;
my $all = $cldr->unit_quantities( quantity => 'mass' );

Returns all the unit quantities information as an array reference of hash reference from the table unit_quantities

A combination of the following fields may be provided to filter the information returned:

• quantity

  A quantity ID. Known quantity ID are: acceleration, angle, area, catalytic-activity, concentration, concentration-mass, consumption, current-density, digital, duration, electric-capacitance, electric-charge, electric-conductance, electric-current, electric-inductance, electric-resistance, energy, force, frequency, graphics, illuminance, ionizing-radiation, length, luminous-flux, luminous-intensity, magnetic-field-strength, magnetic-flux, magnetic-induction, mass, mass-density, mass-fraction, portion, power, pressure, pressure-per-length, radioactivity, resolution, solid-angle, specific-volume, speed, substance-amount, temperature, typewidth, voltage, volume, wave-number, year-duration

variant

my $ref = $cldr->variant( variant => 'valencia' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    variant_id  => 111,
    variant     => 'valencia',
    status      => 'regular',
}

Returns an hash reference of a variant information from the table variants based on the variant ID provided.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• variant_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• variant

  A variant ID

• status

  A string representing a status for this variant.

  Known values are: undef, deprecated, regular

variants

my $all = $cldr->variants;

Returns all the variants information as an array reference of hash reference from the table variants

No additional parameter is needed.

variant_l10n

my $ref = $cldr->variant_l10n(
    variant => 'valencia',
    locale  => 'en',
    alt     => undef,
);
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    var_l10n_id => 771,
    locale      => 'en',
    variant     => 'valencia',
    locale_name => 'Valencian',
    alt         => undef,
}

Returns an hash reference of a variant localised information from the table variants_l10n for a given variant ID and a locale ID and an alt value. If no alt value is provided, it will default to undef

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• var_l10n_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• variant

  A variant ID as can be found in the table variants

• locale_name

  A string representing the localised variant name based on the locale

• alt

  An alternative value identifier to distinguish a variant with the same name.

  Known values are: undef and secondary

variants_l10n

my $all = $cldr->variants_l10n;
my $all = $cldr->variants_l10n( locale => 'en' );
my $all = $cldr->variants_l10n(
    locale  => 'en',
    alt     => undef,
);

Returns all the variants localised information as an array reference of hash reference from the table variants_l10n

week_preference

my $ref = $cldr->week_preference( locale => 'ja' );
# Returns an hash reference like this:
{
    week_pref_id    => 32,
    locale          => 'ja',
    ordering        => ["weekOfDate", "weekOfMonth"],
}

Returns an hash reference of a week preference information from the table week_preferences for a given locale ID.

The meaning of the fields are as follows:

• week_pref_id

  A unique incremental value automatically generated by SQLite.

• locale

  A locale, such as en or ja-JP as can be found in table locales

• ordering

  This is "an ordered list of the preferred types of week designations for that"[1]

  It is provided as an array of tokens.

  Known values in the array are:

  • weekOfYear

  • weekOfMonth

  • weekOfDate

  • weekOfInterval

See the LDML specifications for more information.

week_preferences

my $all = $cldr->week_preferences;

Returns all the week preferences information as an array reference of hash reference from the table week_preferences

Format Patterns

The following is taken directly from the Unicode LDML specifications and placed here for your convenience.

Examples:

• yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' HH:mm:ss zzz

  1996.07.10 AD at 15:08:56 PDT

• EEE, MMM d, ''yy

  Wed, July 10, '96

• h:mm a

  12:08 PM

• hh 'o''clock' a, zzzz

  12 o'clock PM, Pacific Daylight Time

• K:mm a, z

  0:00 PM, PST

• yyyyy.MMMM.dd GGG hh:mm aaa

  01996.July.10 AD 12:08 PM

See the date field symbols table for more details.

• a period

  AM, PM

  May be upper or lowercase depending on the locale and other options. The wide form may be the same as the short form if the “real” long form (eg ante meridiem) is not customarily used. The narrow form must be unique, unlike some other fields. See also Parsing Dates and Times.

  Examples:

  • a..aaa (Abbreviated)

    am. [e.g. 12 am.]

  • aaaa (Wide)

    am. [e.g. 12 am.]

  • aaaaa (Narrow)

    a [e.g. 12a]

• A second

  Milliseconds in day (numeric). This field behaves exactly like a composite of all time-related fields, not including the zone fields. As such, it also reflects discontinuities of those fields on DST transition days. On a day of DST onset, it will jump forward. On a day of DST cessation, it will jump backward. This reflects the fact that it must be combined with the offset field to obtain a unique local time value. The field length specifies the minimum number of digits, with zero-padding as necessary.

  Examples:

  • A+

    69540000

• b period

  am, pm, noon, midnight

  May be upper or lowercase depending on the locale and other options. If the locale doesn't have the notion of a unique "noon" = 12:00, then the PM form may be substituted. Similarly for "midnight" = 00:00 and the AM form. The narrow form must be unique, unlike some other fields.

  Examples:

  • b..bbb (Abbreviated)

    mid. [e.g. 12 mid.]

  • bbbb (Wide)

    midnight

    [e.g. 12 midnight]

  • bbbbb (Narrow)

    md [e.g. 12 md]

• B period

  flexible day periods

  May be upper or lowercase depending on the locale and other options. Often there is only one width that is customarily used.

  Examples:

  • B..BBB (Abbreviated)

    at night

    [e.g. 3:00 at night]

  • BBBB (Wide)

    at night

    [e.g. 3:00 at night]

  • BBBBB (Narrow)

    at night

    [e.g. 3:00 at night]

• c week day

  Stand-Alone local day of week number/name.

  Examples:

  • c..cc

    2

    Numeric: 1 digit

  • ccc (Abbreviated)

    Tue

  • cccc (Wide)

    Tuesday

  • ccccc (Narrow)

    T

  • cccccc (Short)

    Tu

• C

  Input skeleton symbol

  It must not occur in pattern or skeleton data. Instead, it is reserved for use in skeletons passed to APIs doing flexible date pattern generation. In such a context, like 'j', it requests the preferred hour format for the locale. However, unlike 'j', it can also select formats such as hb or hB, since it is based not on the preferred attribute of the hours element in supplemental data, but instead on the first element of the allowed attribute (which is an ordered preferrence list). For example, with "Cmm", 18:00 could appear as “6:00 in the afternoon”.

  Example:

  • C

    8

    8 (morning)

    Numeric hour (minimum digits), abbreviated dayPeriod if used

  • CC

    08

    08 (morning)

    Numeric hour (2 digits, zero pad if needed), abbreviated dayPeriod if used

  • CCC

    8

    8 in the morning

    Numeric hour (minimum digits), wide dayPeriod if used

  • CCCC

    08

    08 in the morning

    Numeric hour (2 digits, zero pad if needed), wide dayPeriod if used

  • CCCCC

    8

    8 (morn.)

    Numeric hour (minimum digits), narrow dayPeriod if used

  • CCCCCC

    08

    08 (morn.)

    Numeric hour (2 digits, zero pad if needed), narrow dayPeriod if used

• d day of month

  Day of month (numeric).

  Example:

  • d

    1

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • dd

    01

    Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

• D day of year

  The field length specifies the minimum number of digits, with zero-padding as necessary.

  Example:

  • D...DDD day

    345 Day of year (numeric).

• e week day

  Local day of week number/name, format style. Same as E except adds a numeric value that will depend on the local starting day of the week. For this example, Monday is the first day of the week.

  Example:

  • e

    2

    Numeric: 1 digit

  • ee

    02

    Numeric: 2 digits + zero pad

  • eee (Abbreviated)

    Tue

  • eeee (Wide)

    Tuesday

  • eeeee (Narrow)

    T

  • eeeeee (Short)

    Tu

• E week day

  Day of week name, format style.

  Example:

  • E..EEE (Abbreviated)

    Tue

  • EEEE (Wide)

    Tuesday

  • EEEEE (Narrow)

    T

  • EEEEEE (Short)

    Tu

• F day

  Day of Week in Month (numeric). The example is for the 2nd Wed in July

  Example:

  • F

    2

• g

  Modified Julian day (numeric). This is different from the conventional Julian day number in two regards. First, it demarcates days at local zone midnight, rather than noon GMT. Second, it is a local number; that is, it depends on the local time zone. It can be thought of as a single number that encompasses all the date-related fields. The field length specifies the minimum number of digits, with zero-padding as necessary.

  Example:

  • g+

    2451334

• G era

  Era name.

  Example:

  • G..GGG (Abbreviated)

    AD

    [variant: CE]

  • GGGG (Wide)

    Anno Domini

    [variant: Common Era]

  • GGGGG (Narrow)

    A

• h hour

  Hour [1-12]. When used in skeleton data or in a skeleton passed in an API for flexible date pattern generation, it should match the 12-hour-cycle format preferred by the locale (h or K); it should not match a 24-hour-cycle format (H or k).

  Example:

  • h

    1, 12

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • hh

    01, 12

    Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

• H hour

  Hour [0-23]. When used in skeleton data or in a skeleton passed in an API for flexible date pattern generation, it should match the 24-hour-cycle format preferred by the locale (H or k); it should not match a 12-hour-cycle format (h or K).

  Example:

  • H

    0, 23

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • HH

    00, 23

    Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

• j

  Input skeleton symbol

  It must not occur in pattern or skeleton data. Instead, it is reserved for use in skeletons passed to APIs doing flexible date pattern generation. In such a context, it requests the preferred hour format for the locale (h, H, K, or k), as determined by the preferred attribute of the hours element in supplemental data. In the implementation of such an API, 'j' must be replaced by h, H, K, or k before beginning a match against availableFormats data.

  Note that use of 'j' in a skeleton passed to an API is the only way to have a skeleton request a locale's preferred time cycle type (12-hour or 24-hour).

  Example:

  • j

    8

    8 AM

    13

    1 PM

    Numeric hour (minimum digits), abbreviated dayPeriod if used

  • jj

    08

    08 AM

    13

    01 PM

    Numeric hour (2 digits, zero pad if needed), abbreviated dayPeriod if used

  • jjj

    8

    8 A.M.

    13

    1 P.M.

    Numeric hour (minimum digits), wide dayPeriod if used

  • jjjj

    08

    08 A.M.

    13

    01 P.M.

    Numeric hour (2 digits, zero pad if needed), wide dayPeriod if used

  • jjjjj

    8

    8a

    13

    1p

    Numeric hour (minimum digits), narrow dayPeriod if used

  • jjjjjj

    08

    08a

    13

    01p

    Numeric hour (2 digits, zero pad if needed), narrow dayPeriod if used

• J

  Input skeleton symbol

  It must not occur in pattern or skeleton data. Instead, it is reserved for use in skeletons passed to APIs doing flexible date pattern generation. In such a context, like 'j', it requests the preferred hour format for the locale (h, H, K, or k), as determined by the preferred attribute of the hours element in supplemental data. However, unlike 'j', it requests no dayPeriod marker such as “am/pm” (it is typically used where there is enough context that that is not necessary). For example, with "jmm", 18:00 could appear as “6:00 PM”, while with "Jmm", it would appear as “6:00” (no PM).

  Example:

  • J

    8

    8

    Numeric hour (minimum digits)

  • JJ

    08

    08

    Numeric hour (2 digits, zero pad if needed)

• k hour

  Hour [1-24]. When used in a skeleton, only matches k or H, see above.

  Example:

  • k

    1, 24

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • kk

    01, 24

    Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

• K hour

  Hour [0-11]. When used in a skeleton, only matches K or h, see above.

  Example:

  • K

    0, 11

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • KK

    00, 11

    Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

• L month

  Stand-Alone month number/name: For use when the month is displayed by itself, and in any other date pattern (e.g. just month and year, e.g. "LLLL y") that shares the same form of the month name. For month names, this is typically the nominative form. See discussion of month element.

  See also the symbol M for month.

  Example:

  • L

    9, 12

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • LL

    09, 12 Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

  • LLL (Abbreviated)

    Sep

  • LLLL (Wide)

    September

  • LLLLL (Narrow)

    S

• M month

  Numeric: minimum digits Format style month number/name: The format style name is an additional form of the month name (besides the stand-alone style) that can be used in contexts where it is different than the stand-alone form. For example, depending on the language, patterns that combine month with day-of month (e.g. "d MMMM") may require the month to be in genitive form. See discussion of month element. If a separate form is not needed, the format and stand-alone forms can be the same.

  See also L

  Example:

  • M

    9, 12

  • MM

    09, 12 Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

  • MMM (Abbreviated)

    Sep

  • MMMM (Wide)

    September

  • MMMMM (Narrow)

    S

• m minute

  Minute (numeric). Truncated, not rounded.

  Examples:

  • m

    8, 59

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • mm

    08, 59

    Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

• O zone

  Examples:

  • O

    GMT-8

    The short localized GMT format.

  • OOOO

    GMT-08:00

    The long localized GMT format.

• q quarter

  Stand-Alone Quarter number/name.

  Examples:

  • q

    2

    Numeric: 1 digit

  • qq

    02

    Numeric: 2 digits + zero pad

  • qqq (Abbreviated)

    Q2

  • qqqq (Wide)

    2nd quarter

  • qqqqq (Narrow)

    2

• Q quarter

  Quarter number/name.

  Examples:

  • Q

    2

    Numeric: 1 digit

  • QQ

    02

    Numeric: 2 digits + zero pad

  • QQQ (Abbreviated)

    Q2

  • QQQQ (Wide)

    2nd quarter

  • QQQQQ (Narrow)

    2

• r

  Related Gregorian year (numeric). For non-Gregorian calendars, this corresponds to the extended Gregorian year in which the calendar’s year begins. Related Gregorian years are often displayed, for example, when formatting dates in the Japanese calendar — e.g. “2012(平成24)年1月15日” — or in the Chinese calendar — e.g. “2012壬辰年腊月初四”. The related Gregorian year is usually displayed using the "latn" numbering system, regardless of what numbering systems may be used for other parts of the formatted date. If the calendar’s year is linked to the solar year (perhaps using leap months), then for that calendar the ‘r’ year will always be at a fixed offset from the ‘u’ year. For the Gregorian calendar, the ‘r’ year is the same as the ‘u’ year. For ‘r’, all field lengths specify a minimum number of digits; there is no special interpretation for “rr”.

  Example:

  • r+

    2017

• s second

  Second (numeric). Truncated, not rounded.

  Example:

  • s

    8, 12

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • ss

    08, 12

    Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

• S second

  Fractional Second (numeric). Truncates, like other numeric time fields, but in this case to the number of digits specified by the field length. (Example shows display using pattern SSSS for seconds value 12.34567)

  Example:

  • S+

    3456

• u

  Extended year (numeric). This is a single number designating the year of this calendar system, encompassing all supra-year fields. For example, for the Julian calendar system, year numbers are positive, with an era of BCE or CE. An extended year value for the Julian calendar system assigns positive values to CE years and negative values to BCE years, with 1 BCE being year 0. For ‘u’, all field lengths specify a minimum number of digits; there is no special interpretation for “uu”.

  Example:

  • u+

    4601

• U

  Cyclic year name. Calendars such as the Chinese lunar calendar (and related calendars) and the Hindu calendars use 60-year cycles of year names. If the calendar does not provide cyclic year name data, or if the year value to be formatted is out of the range of years for which cyclic name data is provided, then numeric formatting is used (behaves like 'y').

  Currently the data only provides abbreviated names, which will be used for all requested name widths.

  Example:

  • U..UUU (Abbreviated)

    甲子

  • UUUU (Wide)

    甲子 [for now]

  • UUUUU (Narrow)

    甲子 [for now]

• v zone

  Example:

  • v

    PT

    The short generic non-location format Where that is unavailable, falls back to the generic location format ("VVVV"), then the short localized GMT format as the final fallback.

  • vvvv

    Pacific Time

    The long generic non-location format. Where that is unavailable, falls back to generic location format ("VVVV").

• V zone

  Example:

  • V

    uslax

    The short time zone ID. Where that is unavailable, the special short time zone ID unk (Unknown Zone) is used. Note: This specifier was originally used for a variant of the short specific non-location format, but it was deprecated in the later version of this specification. In CLDR 23, the definition of the specifier was changed to designate a short time zone ID.

  • VV

    America/Los_Angeles

    The long time zone ID.

  • VVV

    Los Angeles

    The exemplar city (location) for the time zone. Where that is unavailable, the localized exemplar city name for the special zone Etc/Unknown is used as the fallback (for example, "Unknown City").

  • VVVV

    Los Angeles Time

    The generic location format. Where that is unavailable, falls back to the long localized GMT format ("OOOO"; Note: Fallback is only necessary with a GMT-style Time Zone ID, like Etc/GMT-830.)

    This is especially useful when presenting possible timezone choices for user selection, since the naming is more uniform than the "v" format.

• w

  Week of Year (numeric). When used in a pattern with year, use ‘Y’ for the year field instead of ‘y’.

  Example:

  • w

    8, 27

    Numeric: minimum digits

  • ww

    08, 27

    Numeric: 2 digits, zero pad if needed

• W

  Week of Month (numeric)

  Example:

  • W

    3

    Numeric: 1 digit

• x zone

  Example:

  • x

    -08

    +0530

    +00

    The ISO8601 basic format with hours field and optional minutes field. (The same as X, minus "Z".)

  • xx

    -0800

    +0000

    The ISO8601 basic format with hours and minutes fields. (The same as XX, minus "Z".)

  • xxx

    -08:00

    +00:00

    The ISO8601 extended format with hours and minutes fields. (The same as XXX, minus "Z".)

  • xxxx

    -0800

    -075258

    +0000

    The ISO8601 basic format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields. (The same as XXXX, minus "Z".)

    Note: The seconds field is not supported by the ISO8601 specification.

  • xxxxx

    -08:00

    -07:52:58

    +00:00

    The ISO8601 extended format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields. (The same as XXXXX, minus "Z".)

    Note: The seconds field is not supported by the ISO8601 specification.

• X zone

  Example:

  • X

    -08

    +0530

    Z

    The ISO8601 basic format with hours field and optional minutes field. The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0. (The same as x, plus "Z".)

  • XX

    -0800

    Z

    The ISO8601 basic format with hours and minutes fields. The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0. (The same as xx, plus "Z".)

  • XXX

    -08:00

    Z

    The ISO8601 extended format with hours and minutes fields. The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0. (The same as xxx, plus "Z".)

  • XXXX

    -0800

    -075258

    Z

    The ISO8601 basic format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields. The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0. (The same as xxxx, plus "Z".)

    Note: The seconds field is not supported by the ISO8601 specification.

  • XXXXX

    -08:00

    -07:52:58

    Z

    The ISO8601 extended format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields. The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0. (The same as xxxxx, plus "Z".)

    Note: The seconds field is not supported by the ISO8601 specification.

• y

  Calendar year (numeric). In most cases the length of the y field specifies the minimum number of digits to display, zero-padded as necessary; more digits will be displayed if needed to show the full year. However, “yy” requests just the two low-order digits of the year, zero-padded as necessary. For most use cases, “y” or “yy” should be adequate.

  Example:

  • y

    2, 20, 201, 2017, 20173

  • yy

    02, 20, 01, 17, 73

  • yyy

    002, 020, 201, 2017, 20173

  • yyyy

    0002, 0020, 0201, 2017, 20173

  • yyyyy+

    ...

• Y

  Year in “Week of Year” based calendars in which the year transition occurs on a week boundary; may differ from calendar year ‘y’ near a year transition. This numeric year designation is used in conjunction with pattern character ‘w’ in the ISO year-week calendar as defined by ISO 8601, but can be used in non-Gregorian based calendar systems where week date processing is desired. The field length is interpreted in the same was as for ‘y’; that is, “yy” specifies use of the two low-order year digits, while any other field length specifies a minimum number of digits to display.

  Example:

  • Y

    2, 20, 201, 2017, 20173

  • YY

    02, 20, 01, 17, 73

  • YYY

    002, 020, 201, 2017, 20173

  • YYYY

    0002, 0020, 0201, 2017, 20173

  • YYYYY+

    ...

• z zone

  The short specific non-location format. Where that is unavailable, falls back to the short localized GMT format ("O"). zzzz Pacific Daylight Time The long specific non-location format. Where that is unavailable, falls back to the long localized GMT format ("OOOO").

  Examples:

  • z..zzz

    PDT

• Z

  The ISO8601 basic format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields. The format is equivalent to RFC 822 zone format (when optional seconds field is absent). This is equivalent to the "xxxx" specifier.

  Examples:

  • Z..ZZZ

    -0800

  • ZZZZ

    GMT-8:00

    The long localized GMT format. This is equivalent to the "OOOO" specifier.

  • ZZZZZ

    -08:00

    -07:52:58

    The ISO8601 extended format with hours, minutes and optional seconds fields. The ISO8601 UTC indicator "Z" is used when local time offset is 0. This is equivalent to the "XXXXX" specifier.

See the LDML specifications for more information on the date and time formatting.

Locale Inheritance

When performing data look-ups, some data, such as width, may be missing and the default wide should be used, and sometime, the data is aliased. For example, narrow would be aliased to abbreviated.

Then, there is also a vertical inheritance, whereby a locale fr-CA would lookup up data in its parent fr. When the inheritance is not natural, the LDML specifies a parent. This information can be found in table locales. Ultimately, the root locale with value und is to be used.

See the LDML specifications for more information.

Errors

This module does not die upon errors, unless you have set fatal to a true value. Instead it sets an error object that can be retrieved.

When an error occurred, an error object will be set and the method will return undef in scalar context and an empty list in list context.

Otherwise, the only occasions when this module will die is when there is an internal design error, which would be my fault.

Advanced Search

You can specify an operator other than the default = when providing arguments values, by placing it just before the argument value.

Possible explicit operators are:

• =

• !=

• <

• <=

• >

• >=

• ~

  Will enable the use of regular expression.

  Alternatively, you can use a perl regular expression using the perl operator qr

For example:

my $all = $cldr->timezone_info(
    timezone => 'Europe/Simferopol',
    start => ['>1991-01-01','<1995-01-01'],
);

This would result in:

{
    tzinfo_id   => 594,
    timezone    => 'Europe/Simferopol',
    metazone    => 'Moscow',
    start       => '1994-04-30T21:00:00',
    until       => '1997-03-30T01:00:00',
}

or, using the ~ operator:

my $all = $cldr->time_formats(
    region => '~^U.*',
);
my $all = $cldr->time_formats(
    region => qr/^U.*/,
);

would result in:

[
    {
        time_format_id => 141,
        region => "UA",
        territory => "UA",
        locale => undef,
        time_format => "H",
        time_allowed => [qw( H hB h )],
    },
    {
        time_format_id => 142,
        region => "UZ",
        territory => "UZ",
        locale => undef,
        time_format => "H",
        time_allowed => [qw( H hB h )],
    },
    {
        time_format_id => 155,
        region => "UG",
        territory => "UG",
        locale => undef,
        time_format => "H",
        time_allowed => [qw( hB hb H h )],
    },
    {
        time_format_id => 194,
        region => "UY",
        territory => "UY",
        locale => undef,
        time_format => "h",
        time_allowed => [qw( h H hB hb )],
    },
    {
        time_format_id => 226,
        region => "UM",
        territory => "UM",
        locale => undef,
        time_format => "h",
        time_allowed => [qw( h hb H hB )],
    },
    {
        time_format_id => 227,
        region => "US",
        territory => "US",
        locale => undef,
        time_format => "h",
        time_allowed => [qw( h hb H hB )],
    },
]

For single result methods, i.e. the methods that only return an hash reference, you can provide an array reference instead of a regular string for the primary field you are trying to query. So, for example, using the example above with the timezone info:

my $all = $cldr->timezone_info(
    timezone => 'Europe/Simferopol',
    start => ['>1991-01-01','<1995-01-01'],
);

or, querying the calendar terms:

my $all = $cldr->calendar_term(
    locale          => 'und',
    calendar        => 'gregorian',
    # format, stand-alone
    term_context    => 'format',
    # abbreviated, narrow, wide
    term_width      => 'abbreviated',
    term_name       => [qw( am pm )],
);
# Returns an array reference like:
[
    {
        cal_term_id     => 23478,
        locale          => 'und',
        calendar        => 'gregorian',
        term_type       => 'day_period',
        term_context    => 'format',
        term_width      => 'abbreviated',
        alt             => undef,
        term_name       => 'am',
        term_value      => 'AM',
    },
    {
        cal_term_id     => 23479,
        locale          => 'und',
        calendar        => 'gregorian',
        term_type       => 'day_period',
        term_context    => 'format',
        term_width      => 'abbreviated',
        alt             => undef,
        term_name       => 'pm',
        term_value      => 'PM',
    },
]

Of course, instead of returning an hash reference, as it normally would, it will return an array reference of hash reference.

You can check if a table field containing an array has a certain value. For example:

my $all = $cldr->metazones(
    has => [territories => 'CA'],
);

This will return all metazone entries that have the array value CA in the field territories.

You can specify more than one field:

my $all = $cldr->metazones(
    has => [territories => 'CA', timezones => 'America/Chicago'],
);

You can also use an hash reference instead of an array reference:

my $all = $cldr->metazones(
    has => {
        territories => 'CA',
        timezones => 'America/Chicago',
    },
);

And if the table contains only one array field, then you do not have tp specify the field name:

my $all = $cldr->aliases(
    has => 'America/Toronto',
);

This will implicitly use the field replacement. However, if there are more than one array field, and you do not specify which one, then an error will be triggered. For example:

my $all = $cldr->metazones(
    has => 'CA',
);
say $cldr->error->message;
# "There are 2 fields with array. You need to specify which one you want to check for value 'CA'"

You can also ensure a certain order based on a field value. For example, you want to retrieve the day terms using calendar_term, but the term_name are string, and we want to ensure the results are sorted in this order: mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat and sun

my $terms = $cldr->calendar_terms(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    term_type => 'day',
    term_context => 'format',
    term_width => 'wide',
    order_by_value => [term_name => [qw( mon tue wed thu fri sat sun )]],
);
my @weekdays = map( $_->{term_name}, @$terms );
# Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday

If we had wanted to put Sunday first, we would have done:

my $terms = $cldr->calendar_terms(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    term_type => 'day',
    term_context => 'format',
    term_width => 'wide',
    order_by_value => [term_name => [qw( sun mon tue wed thu fri sat )]],
);

The parameter order_by_value supersedes the parameter order that may be provided.

You can specify a particular data type to sort the values returned by SQLite, by providing the argument order, such as:

my $months = $cldr->calendar_terms(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    term_type => 'month',
    term_context => 'format',
    term_width => 'wide',
    order => [term_name => 'integer'],
);

or, alternatively, using an hash reference with a single key:

my $months = $cldr->calendar_terms(
    locale => 'en',
    calendar => 'gregorian',
    term_type => 'month',
    term_context => 'format',
    term_width => 'wide',
    order => { term_name => 'integer' },
);
my @month_names = map( $_->{term_name}, @$months );
# January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December

SQL Schema

The SQLite SQL schema is available in the file scripts/cldr-schema.sql

The data are populated into the SQLite database using the script located in scripts/create_database.pl and the data accessible from https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr or from https://cldr.unicode.org/index/downloads/

Tables

The SQL schema used to create the SQLite database is available in the scripts directory of this distribution in the file cldr-schema.sql

The tables used are as follows, in alphabetical order:

Table aliases

• alias_id

  An integer field.

• alias

  A string field.

• replacement

  A string array field.

• reason

  A string field.

• type

  A string field.

• comment

  A string field.

Table annotations

• annotation_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• annotation

  A string field.

• defaults

  A string array field.

• tts

  A string field.

Table bcp47_currencies

• bcp47_curr_id

  An integer field.

• currid

  A string field.

• code

  A string field.

• description

  A string field.

• is_obsolete

  A boolean field.

Table bcp47_extensions

• bcp47_ext_id

  An integer field.

• category

  A string field.

• extension

  A string field.

• alias

  A string field.

• value_type

  A string field.

• description

  A string field.

• deprecated

  A boolean field.

Table bcp47_timezones

• bcp47_tz_id

  An integer field.

• tzid

  A string field.

• alias

  A string array field.

• preferred

  A string field.

• description

  A string field.

• deprecated

  A boolean field.

Table bcp47_values

• bcp47_value_id

  An integer field.

• category

  A string field.

• extension

  A string field.

• value

  A string field.

• description

  A string field.

Table calendar_append_formats

• cal_append_fmt_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• format_id

  A string field.

• format_pattern

  A string field.

Table calendar_available_formats

• cal_avail_fmt_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• format_id

  A string field.

• format_pattern

  A string field.

• count

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

Table calendar_cyclics_l10n

• cal_int_fmt_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• format_set

  A string field.

• format_type

  A string field.

• format_length

  A string field.

• format_id

  An integer field.

• format_pattern

  A string field.

Table calendar_datetime_formats

• cal_dt_fmt_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• format_length

  A string field.

• format_type

  A string field.

• format_pattern

  A string field.

Table calendar_eras

• calendar_era_id

  An integer field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• sequence

  An integer field.

• code

  A string field.

• aliases

  A string array field.

• start

  A date field.

• until

  A date field.

Table calendar_eras_l10n

• cal_era_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• era_width

  A string field.

• era_id

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

Table calendar_formats_l10n

• cal_fmt_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• format_type

  A string field.

• format_length

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

• format_id

  A string field.

• format_pattern

  A string field.

Table calendar_interval_formats

• cal_int_fmt_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• format_id

  A string field.

• greatest_diff_id

  A string field.

• format_pattern

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

• part1

  A string field.

• separator

  A string field.

• part2

  A string field.

• repeating_field

  A string field.

Table calendar_terms

• cal_term_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• term_type

  A string field.

• term_context

  A string field.

• term_width

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

• yeartype

  A string field.

• term_name

  A string field.

• term_value

  A string field.

Table calendars

• calendar_id

  An integer field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• system

  A string field.

• inherits

  A string field.

• description

  A string field.

Table calendars_l10n

• calendar_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• calendar

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

Table casings

• casing_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• token

  A string field.

• value

  A string field.

Table code_mappings

• code_mapping_id

  An integer field.

• code

  A string field.

• alpha3

  A string field.

• numeric

  An integer field.

• fips10

  A string field.

• type

  A string field.

Table collations_l10n

• collation_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• collation

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

Table currencies

• currency_id

  An integer field.

• currency

  A string field.

• digits

  An integer field.

• rounding

  An integer field.

• cash_digits

  An integer field.

• cash_rounding

  An integer field.

• is_obsolete

  A boolean field.

• status

  A string field.

Table currencies_info

• currency_info_id

  An integer field.

• territory

  A string field.

• currency

  A string field.

• start

  A date field.

• until

  A date field.

• is_tender

  A boolean field.

• hist_sequence

  An integer field.

• is_obsolete

  A boolean field.

Table currencies_l10n

• curr_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• currency

  A string field.

• count

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

• symbol

  A string field.

Table date_fields_l10n

• date_field_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• field_type

  A string field.

• field_length

  A string field.

• relative

  An integer field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

Table day_periods

• day_period_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• day_period

  A string field.

• start

  A string field.

• until

  A string field.

Table language_population

• language_pop_id

  An integer field.

• territory

  A string field.

• locale

  A string field.

• population_percent

  A decimal field.

• literacy_percent

  A decimal field.

• writing_percent

  A decimal field.

• official_status

  A string field.

Table languages

• language_id

  An integer field.

• language

  A string field.

• scripts

  A string array field.

• territories

  A string array field.

• parent

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

• status

  A string field.

Table languages_match

• lang_match_id

  An integer field.

• desired

  A string field.

• supported

  A string field.

• distance

  An integer field.

• is_symetric

  A boolean field.

• is_regexp

  A boolean field.

• sequence

  An integer field.

Table likely_subtags

• likely_subtag_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• target

  A string field.

Table locale_number_systems

• locale_num_sys_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• number_system

  A string field.

• native

  A string field.

• traditional

  A string field.

• finance

  A string field.

Table locales

• locale_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• parent

  A string field.

• status

  A string field.

Table locales_info

• locales_info_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• property

  A string field.

• value

  A string field.

Table locales_l10n

• locales_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• locale_id

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

Table metainfos

• meta_id

  An integer field.

• property

  A string field.

• value

  A string field.

Table metazones

• metazone_id

  An integer field.

• metazone

  A string field.

• territories

  A string array field.

• timezones

  A string array field.

Table metazones_names

• metatz_name_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• metazone

  A string field.

• width

  A string field.

• generic

  A string field.

• standard

  A string field.

• daylight

  A string field.

Table number_formats_l10n

• number_format_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• number_system

  A string field.

• number_type

  A string field.

• format_length

  A string field.

• format_type

  A string field.

• format_id

  A string field.

• format_pattern

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

• count

  A string field.

Table number_symbols_l10n

• number_symbol_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• number_system

  A string field.

• property

  A string field.

• value

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

Table number_systems

• numsys_id

  An integer field.

• number_system

  A string field.

• digits

  A string array field.

• type

  A string field.

Table number_systems_l10n

• num_sys_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• number_system

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

Table person_name_defaults

• pers_name_def_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• value

  A string field.

Table rbnf

• rbnf_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• grouping

  A string field.

• ruleset

  A string field.

• rule_id

  A string field.

• rule_value

  A string field.

Table refs

• ref_id

  An integer field.

• code

  A string field.

• uri

  A string field.

• description

  A string field.

Table scripts

• script_id

  An integer field.

• script

  A string field.

• rank

  An integer field.

• sample_char

  A string field.

• id_usage

  A string field.

• rtl

  A boolean field.

• lb_letters

  A boolean field.

• has_case

  A boolean field.

• shaping_req

  A boolean field.

• ime

  A boolean field.

• density

  An integer field.

• origin_country

  A string field.

• likely_language

  A string field.

• status

  A string field.

Table scripts_l10n

• scripts_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• script

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

Table subdivisions

• subdivision_id

  An integer field.

• territory

  A string field.

• subdivision

  A string field.

• parent

  A string field.

• is_top_level

  A boolean field.

• status

  A string field.

Table subdivisions_l10n

• subdiv_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• subdivision

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

Table territories

• territory_id

  An integer field.

• territory

  A string field.

• parent

  A string field.

• gdp

  An integer field.

• literacy_percent

  A decimal field.

• population

  An integer field.

• languages

  A string array field.

• contains

  A string array field.

• currency

  A string field.

• calendars

  A string array field.

• min_days

  An integer field.

• first_day

  An integer field.

• weekend

  An integer array field.

• status

  A string field.

Table territories_l10n

• terr_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• territory

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

Table time_formats

• time_format_id

  An integer field.

• region

  A string field.

• territory

  A string field.

• locale

  A string field.

• time_format

  A string field.

• time_allowed

  A string array field.

Table timezones

• timezone_id

  An integer field.

• timezone

  A string field.

• territory

  A string field.

• region

  A string field.

• tzid

  A string field.

• metazone

  A string field.

• tz_bcpid

  A string field.

• is_golden

  A boolean field.

• is_primary

  A boolean field.

• is_preferred

  A boolean field.

• is_canonical

  A boolean field.

• alias

  A string array field.

Table timezones_cities

• tz_city_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• timezone

  A string field.

• city

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

Table timezones_formats

• tz_fmt_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• type

  A string field.

• subtype

  A string field.

• format_pattern

  A string field.

Table timezones_info

• tzinfo_id

  An integer field.

• timezone

  A string field.

• metazone

  A string field.

• start

  A datetime field.

• until

  A datetime field.

Table timezones_names

• tz_name_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• timezone

  A string field.

• width

  A string field.

• generic

  A string field.

• standard

  A string field.

• daylight

  A string field.

Table unit_aliases

• unit_alias_id

  An integer field.

• alias

  A string field.

• target

  A string field.

• reason

  A string field.

Table unit_constants

• unit_constant_id

  An integer field.

• constant

  A string field.

• expression

  A string field.

• value

  A decimal field.

• description

  A string field.

• status

  A string field.

Table unit_conversions

• unit_conversion_id

  An integer field.

• source

  A string field.

• base_unit

  A string field.

• expression

  A string field.

• factor

  A decimal field.

• systems

  A string array field.

• category

  A string field.

Table unit_prefixes

• unit_prefix_id

  An integer field.

• unit_id

  A string field.

• symbol

  A string field.

• power

  An integer field.

• factor

  An integer field.

Table unit_prefs

• unit_pref_id

  An integer field.

• unit_id

  A string field.

• territory

  A string field.

• category

  A string field.

• usage

  A string field.

• geq

  A decimal field.

• skeleton

  A string field.

Table unit_quantities

• unit_quantity_id

  An integer field.

• base_unit

  A string field.

• quantity

  A string field.

• status

  A string field.

• comment

  A string field.

Table units_l10n

• units_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• format_length

  A string field.

• unit_type

  A string field.

• unit_id

  A string field.

• unit_pattern

  A string field.

• pattern_type

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

• count

  A string field.

• gender

  A string field.

• gram_case

  A string field.

Table variants

• variant_id

  An integer field.

• variant

  A string field.

• status

  A string field.

Table variants_l10n

• var_l10n_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• variant

  A string field.

• locale_name

  A string field.

• alt

  A string field.

Table week_preferences

• week_pref_id

  An integer field.

• locale

  A string field.

• ordering

  A string array field.

AUTHOR

Jacques Deguest <jack@deguest.jp>

SEE ALSO

Locale::Unicode, DateTime::Locale::FromCLDR, DateTime::Formatter::Unicode, DateTime::Locale::FromData, DateTime::Format::CLDR

COPYRIGHT & LICENSE

Copyright(c) 2024 DEGUEST Pte. Ltd.

All rights reserved

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.