NAME
Pony::Object - An object system.
OVERVIEW
If you wanna protected methods, abstract classes and other staff like with, you may use Pony::Object. Also Pony::Objects are strict and modern.
SYNOPSIS
# Class: MyArticle (Example)
# Abstract class for articles.
package MyArticle;
use Pony::Object qw(-abstract :exceptions);
use MyArticle::Exception::IO; # Based on Pony::Object::Throwable class.
protected date => undef;
protected authors => [];
public title => '';
public text => '';
# Function: init
# Constructor.
#
# Parameters:
# date - Int
# authors - ArrayRef
sub init : Public
{
my $this = shift;
($this->date, $this->authors) = @_;
}
# Function: getDate
# Get formatted date.
#
# Returns:
# Str
sub getDate : Public
{
my $this = shift;
return $this->dateFormat($this->date);
}
# Function: dateFormat
# Convert Unix time to good looking string. Not implemented.
#
# Parameters:
# date - Int
#
# Returns:
# String
sub dateFormat : Abstract;
# Function: fromPdf
# Trying to create article from pdf file.
#
# Parameters:
# file - Str - pdf file.
sub fromPdf : Public
{
my $this = shift;
my $file = shift;
try {
open F, $file or
throw MyArticle::Exception::IO(action => "read", file => $file);
# do smth
close F;
} catch {
my $e = shift; # get exception object
if ($e->isa('MyArticle::Exception::IO')) {
# handler for MyArticle::Exception::IO exceptions
}
};
}
1;Methods and properties
has
Keyword has declares new property. You also can define methods via has.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
# Properties:
has 'title';
has text => '';
has authors => [ qw/Alice Bob/ ];
# Methods:
has printTitle => sub {
my $this = shift;
say $this->title;
};
sub printAuthors
{
my $this = shift;
print @{$this->authors};
}
1;
package main;
use News;
my $news = new News;
$news->printAuthors();
$news->title = 'Sensation!'; # Yep, you can assign property's value via "=".
$news->printTitle();new
Pony::Objects hasn't method new. In fact, of course they has. But new is an internal function, so you should not use new as name of method.
Instead of this Pony::Objects has init methods, where you can write the same, what you wish write in new. init is after-hook for new.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
has title => undef;
has lower => undef;
sub init
{
my $this = shift;
$this->title = shift;
$this->lower = lc $this->title;
}
1;
package main;
use News;
my $news = new News('Big Event!');
print $news->lower;public, protected, private properties
You can use has keyword to define property. If your variable starts with "_", variable becomes protected. "__" for private.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
has text => '';
has __authors => [ qw/Alice Bob/ ];
sub getAuthorString
{
my $this = shift;
return join(' ', @{$this->__authors});
}
1;
package main;
use News;
my $news = new News;
say $news->getAuthorString();The same but with keywords public, protected and private.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
public text => '';
private authors => [ qw/Alice Bob/ ];
sub getAuthorString
{
my $this = shift;
return join(' ', @{$this->authors});
}
1;
package main;
use News;
my $news = new News;
say $news->getAuthorString();Public, Protected, Private methods
Use attributes Public, Private and Protected to define method's access type.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
public text => '';
private authors => [ qw/Alice Bob/ ];
sub getAuthorString : Public
{
return shift->joinAuthors(', ');
}
sub joinAuthors : Private
{
my $this = shift;
my $delim = shift;
return join( $delim, @{$this->authors} );
}
1;
package main;
use News;
my $news = new News;
say $news->getAuthorString();Static properties
Just say "static" and property will the same in all objects of class.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
public static 'default_publisher' => 'Georgy';
public 'publisher';
sub init : Public
{
my $this = shift;
$this->publisher = $this->default_publisher;
}
1;
package main;
use News;
my $n1 = new News;
$n1->default_publisher = 'Bazhukov';
my $n2 = new News;
print $n1->publisher; # "Georgy"
print $n2->publisher; # "Bazhukov"Default methods
toHash or to_h
Get object's data structure and return this as a hash.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
has title => 'World';
has text => 'Hello';
1;
package main;
use News;
my $news = new News;
print $news->toHash()->{text};
print $news->to_h()->{title};dump
Shows object's current struct.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
has title => 'World';
has text => 'Hello';
1;
package main;
use News;
my $news = new News;
$news->text = 'Hi';
print $news->dump();Returns
$VAR1 = bless( {
'text' => 'Hi',
'title' => 'World'
}, 'News' );Classes
Inheritance
You can define base classes via use params. For example, use Pony::Object 'Base::Class';
package BaseCar;
use Pony::Object;
public speed => 0;
protected model => "Base Car";
sub get_status_line : Public
{
my $this = shift;
my $status = ($this->speed ? "Moving" : "Stopped");
return $this->model . " " . $status;
}
1;
package MyCar;
# extends BaseCar
use Pony::Object qw/BaseCar/;
protected model => "My Car";
protected color => undef;
sub set_color : Public
{
my $this = shift;
($this->color) = @_;
}
1;
package main;
use MyCar;
my $car = new MyCar;
$car->speed = 20;
$car->set_color("White");
print $car->get_status_line();
# "My Car Moving"Singletons
Pony::Object has simple syntax for singletons . You can declare this via use param;
package Notes;
use Pony::Object 'singleton';
protected list => [];
sub add : Public
{
my $this = shift;
push @{ $this->list }, @_;
}
sub show : Public
{
my $this = shift;
say for @{$this->list};
}
sub flush : Public
{
my $this = shift;
$this->list = [];
}
1;
package main;
use Notes;
my $n1 = new Notes;
my $n2 = new Notes;
$n1->add(qw/eat sleep/);
$n1->add('Meet with Mary at 8 o`clock');
$n2->flush;
$n1->show(); # Print nothing.
# Em... When I should meet Mary? Abstract methods and classes
You can use abstract methods and classes follows way:
# Let's define simple interface for texts.
package Text::Interface;
use Pony::Object -abstract; # Use 'abstract' or '-abstract'
# params to define abstract class.
sub getText : Abstract; # Use 'Abstract' attribute to
sub setText : Abstract; # define abstract method.
1;
# Now we can define base class for texts.
# It's abstract too but now it has some code.
package Text::Base;
use Pony::Object qw/abstract Text::Interface/;
protected text => '';
sub getText : Public
{
my $this = shift;
return $this->text;
}
1;
# In the end we can write Text class.
package Text;
use Pony::Object 'Text::Base';
sub setText : Public
{
my $this = shift;
$this->text = shift;
}
1;
# Main file.
package main;
use Text;
use Text::Base;
my $textBase = new Text::Base; # Raises an error!
my $text = new Text;
$text->setText('some text');
print $text->getText(); # Returns 'some text';Don't forget, that perl looking for functions from left to right in list of inheritance. You should define abstract classes in the end of Pony::Object param list.
Exceptions
Inside
ALL
If you wanna get all default values of Pony::Object-based class, you can call ALL method. I don't know why you need them, but you can.
package News;
use Pony::Object;
has 'title';
has text => '';
has authors => [ qw/Alice Bob/ ];
1;
package main;
my $news = new News;
print for keys %{ $news->ALL() };META
One more internal method. It provides access to special hash %META. You can use this for Pony::Object introspection. It can be changed in next versions.
my $news = new News;
say dump $news->META;$Pony::Object::DEFAULT
This is a global variable. It defines default Pony::Object's params. For example you can set $Pony::Object::DEFAULT-{''}->{withExceptions} = 1> to enable exceptions (try, catch, finally blocks) by default. Use it carefully.
# Startup script
...
use Pony::Object;
BEGIN {
# Use exceptions by default.
$Pony::Object::DEFAULT->{''}->{withExceptions} = 1;
# All classes will extends Default::Base.
$Pony::Object::DEFAULT->{''}->{baseClass} = [qw/Default::Base/];
# All classes in namespace "Default::NoBase" will not.
$Pony::Object::DEFAULT->{'Default::NoBase'}->{baseClass} = [];
}
...One more example:
# Startup script
...
use Pony::Object;
BEGIN {
$Pony::Object::DEFAULT->{'My::Awesome::Project'} = {
withExceptions => 1,
baseClass => [],
};
$Pony::Object::DEFAULT->{'My::Awesome::Project::Model'} = {
withExceptions => 1,
baseClass => [qw/My::Awesome::Project::Model::Abstract/],
};
}
...SEE
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2011 - 2013, Georgy Bazhukov.
This program is free software, you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the Artistic License version 2.0.