NAME

Data::Roundtrip - convert between Perl data structures, YAML and JSON with unicode support (I believe ...)

VERSION

Version 0.29

SYNOPSIS

This module contains a collection of utilities for converting between JSON, YAML, Perl variable and a Perl variable's string representation (aka dump). Hopefully, all unicode content will be handled correctly between the conversions and optionally escaped or un-escaped. Also JSON can be presented in a pretty format or in a condensed, machine-readable format (not spaces, indendation or line breaks).

    use Data::Roundtrip qw/:all/;
    #use Data::Roundtrip qw/json2yaml/;
    #use Data::Roundtrip qw/:json/; # see EXPORT

    $jsonstr = '{"Songname": "Απόκληρος της κοινωνίας",'
	       .'"Artist": "Καζαντζίδης Στέλιος/Βίρβος Κώστας"}'
    ;
    $yamlstr = json2yaml($jsonstr);
    print $yamlstr;
    # NOTE: long strings have been broken into multilines
    # and/or truncated (replaced with ...)
    #---
    #Artist: Καζαντζίδης Στέλιος/Βίρβος Κώστας
    #Songname: Απόκληρος της κοινωνίας

    $yamlstr = json2yaml($jsonstr, {'escape-unicode'=>1});
    print $yamlstr;
    #---
    #Artist: \u039a\u03b1\u03b6\u03b1 ...
    #Songname: \u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba ...

    $backtojson = yaml2json($yamlstr);
    # $backtojson is a string representation
    # of following JSON structure:
    # {"Artist":"Καζαντζίδης Στέλιος/Βίρβος Κώστας",
    #  "Songname":"Απόκληρος της κοινωνίας"}

    # This is useful when sending JSON via
    # a POST request and it needs unicode escaped:
    $backtojson = yaml2json($yamlstr, {'escape-unicode'=>1});
    # $backtojson is a string representation
    # of following JSON structure:
    # but this time with unicode escaped
    # (pod content truncated for readbility)
    # {"Artist":"\u039a\u03b1\u03b6 ...",
    #  "Songname":"\u0391\u03c0\u03cc ..."}
    # this is the usual Data::Dumper dump:
    print json2dump($jsonstr);
    #$VAR1 = {
    #  'Songname' => "\x{391}\x{3c0}\x{3cc} ...",
    #  'Artist' => "\x{39a}\x{3b1}\x{3b6} ...",
    #};

    # and this is a more human-readable version:
    print json2dump($jsonstr, {'dont-bloody-escape-unicode'=>1});
    # $VAR1 = {
    #   "Artist" => "Καζαντζίδης Στέλιος/Βίρβος Κώστας",
    #   "Songname" => "Απόκληρος της κοινωνίας"
    # };

    # pass some parameters to Data::Dumper
    # like: be terse (no $VAR1):
    print json2dump($jsonstr,
      {'dont-bloody-escape-unicode'=>0, 'terse'=>1}
     #{'dont-bloody-escape-unicode'=>0, 'terse'=>1, 'indent'=>0}
    );
    # {
    #  "Artist" => "Καζαντζίδης Στέλιος/Βίρβος Κώστας",
    #  "Songname" => "Απόκληρος της κοινωνίας"
    # }

    # this is how to reformat a JSON string to
    # have its unicode content escaped:
    my $json_with_unicode_escaped =
          json2json($jsonstr, {'escape-unicode'=>1});

    # With version 0.18 and up two more exported-on-demand
    # subs were added to read JSON or YAML directly from a file:
    # jsonfile2perl() and yamlfile2perl()
    my $perldata = jsonfile2perl("file.json");
    my $perldata = yamlfile2perl("file.yaml");
    die "failed" unless defined $perldata;

    # For some of the above functions there exist command-line scripts:
    perl2json.pl -i "perl-data-structure.pl" -o "output.json" --pretty
    json2json.pl -i "with-unicode.json" -o "unicode-escaped.json" --escape-unicode
    # etc.

    # only for *2dump: perl2dump, json2dump, yaml2dump
    # and if no escape-unicode is required (i.e.
    # setting 'dont-bloody-escape-unicode' => 1 permanently)
    # and if efficiency is important,
    # meaning that perl2dump is run in a loop thousand of times,
    # then import the module like this:
    use Data::Roundtrip qw/:all no-unicode-escape-permanently/;
    # or like this
    use Data::Roundtrip qw/:all unicode-escape-permanently/;

    # then perl2dump() is more efficient but unicode characters
    # will be permanently not-escaped (1st case) or escaped (2nd case).

EXPORT

By default no symbols are exported. However, the following export tags are available (:all will export all of them):

:json : perl2json(), json2perl(), json2dump(), json2yaml(), json2json(), jsonfile2perl()
:yaml : perl2yaml(), yaml2perl(), yaml2dump(), yaml2yaml(), yaml2json(), yamlfile2perl()
:dump : perl2dump(), perl2dump_filtered(), perl2dump_homebrew()
:io : read_from_file(), write_to_file(), read_from_filehandle(), write_to_filehandle(),
:all : everything above.
Additionally, these four subs: dump2perl(), dump2json(), dump2yaml(), dump2dump() do not belong to any export tag. However they can be imported explicitly by the caller in the usual way (e.g. use Data::Roundtrip qw/dump2perl perl2json .../). Section CAVEATS, under "dump2perl", describes how these subs eval() a string possibly coming from user, possibly being unchecked.
no-unicode-escape-permanently : this is not an export keyword/parameter but a parameter which affects all the *2dump* subs by setting unicode escaping permanently to false. See "EFFICIENCY".
unicode-escape-permanently : this is not an export keyword/parameter but a parameter which affects all the *2dump* subs by setting unicode escaping permanently to true. See "EFFICIENCY".

EFFICIENCY

The export keyword/parameter no-unicode-escape-permanently affects all the *2dump* subs by setting unicode escaping permanently to false. This improves efficiency, although one will ever need to use this in extreme situations where a *2dump* sub is called repeatedly in a loop of a few hundreds or thousands of iterations or more.

Each time a *2dump* is called, the dont-bloody-escape-unicode flag is checked and if it is set, then Data::Dumper's qquote() is overriden with _qquote_redefinition_by_Corion() just for that instance and will be restored as soon as the dump is finished. Similarly, a filter for not escaping unicode is added to Data::Dump just for that particular call and is removed immediately after. This has some computational cost and can be avoided completely by overriding the sub and adding the filter once, at loading (in import()).

The price to pay for this added efficiency is that unicode in any dump will never be escaped (e.g. \x{3b1}), but will be rendered (e.g. α, a greek alpha). Always. The option dont-bloody-escape-unicode will permanently be set to true.

Similarly, the export keyword/parameter unicode-escape-permanently affects all the *2dump* subs by setting unicode escaping permanently to true. This improves efficiency as well.

See "BENCHMARKS" on how to find the fastest *2dump* sub.

BENCHMARKS

The special Makefile target benchmarks will time calls to each of the *2dump* subs under

use Data::Roundtrip;

use Data::Roundtrip qw/no-unicode-escape-permanently/;

use Data::Roundtrip qw/unicode-escape-permanently/;

and for 'dont-bloody-escape-unicode' => 0 and 'dont-bloody-escape-unicode' => 1.

In general, "perl2dump" is faster by 25% when one of the permanent import parameters is used (either of the last two cases above).

SUBROUTINES

`perl2json`

my $ret = perl2json($perlvar, $optional_paramshashref)

Arguments:

$perlvar
$optional_paramshashref

Return value:

$ret

Given an input $perlvar (which can be a simple scalar or a nested data structure, but not an object), it will return the equivalent JSON string. In $optional_paramshashref one can specify whether to escape unicode with 'escape-unicode' => 1 and/or prettify the returned result with 'pretty' => 1. The output can be fed back to "json2perl" for getting the Perl variable back.

It returns the JSON string on success or undef on failure.

`json2perl`

Arguments:

$jsonstring

Return value:

$ret

Given an input $jsonstring as a string, it will return the equivalent Perl data structure using JSON::decode_json(Encode::encode_utf8($jsonstring)).

It returns the Perl data structure on success or undef on failure.

`perl2yaml`

my $ret = perl2yaml($perlvar, $optional_paramshashref)

Arguments:

$perlvar
$optional_paramshashref

Return value:

$ret

Given an input $perlvar (which can be a simple scalar or a nested data structure, but not an object), it will return the equivalent YAML string. In $optional_paramshashref one can specify whether to escape unicode with 'escape-unicode' => 1. Prettify is not supported yet. The output can be fed to "yaml2perl" for getting the Perl variable back.

It returns the YAML string on success or undef on failure.

`yaml2perl`

my $ret = yaml2perl($yamlstring);

Arguments:

$yamlstring

Return value:

$ret

Given an input $yamlstring as a string, it will return the equivalent Perl data structure using YAML::PP::Load($yamlstring)

It returns the Perl data structure on success or undef on failure.

`yamlfile2perl`

my $ret = yamlfile2perl($filename)

Arguments:

$filename

Return value:

$ret

Given an input $filename which points to a file containing YAML content, it will return the equivalent Perl data structure.

It returns the Perl data structure on success or undef on failure.

`perl2dump`

my $ret = perl2dump($perlvar, $optional_paramshashref)

Arguments:

$perlvar
$optional_paramshashref

Return value:

$ret

Given an input $perlvar (which can be a simple scalar or a nested data structure, but not an object), it will return the equivalent string (via Data::Dumper). In $optional_paramshashref one can specify whether to escape unicode with 'dont-bloody-escape-unicode' => 0, (or 'escape-unicode' => 1). The DEFAULT behaviour is to NOT ESCAPE unicode.

Additionally, use terse output with 'terse' => 1 and remove all the incessant indentation with 'indent' => 1 which unfortunately goes to the other extreme of producing a space-less output, not fit for human consumption. The output can be fed to "dump2perl" for getting the Perl variable back.

It returns the string representation of the input perl variable on success or undef on failure.

The output can be fed back to "dump2perl".

CAVEAT: when not escaping unicode (which is the default behaviour), each call to this sub will override Data::Dumper's qquote() sub then call Data::Dumper's Dumper() and save its output to a temporary variable, restore qquote() sub to its original code ref and return the contents. This exercise is done every time this perl2dump() is called. It may be expensive. The alternative is to redefine qquote() once, when the module is loaded, with all the side-effects this may cause.

Note that there are two other alternative subs which offer more-or-less the same functionality and their output can be fed back to all the dump2*() subs. These are "perl2dump_filtered" which uses Data::Dump::Filtered to add a filter to control unicode escaping but lacks in aesthetics and functionality and handling all the cases Dump and Dumper do quite well.

There is also perl2dump_homebrew() which uses the same dump-recursively engine as "perl2dump_filtered" but does not involve Data::Dump at all.

`perl2dump_filtered`

my $ret = perl2dump_filtered($perlvar, $optional_paramshashref)

Arguments:

$perlvar
$optional_paramshashref

Return value:

$ret

It does the same job as "perl2dump" which is to stringify a perl variable. And takes the same options.

It returns the string representation of the input perl variable on success or undef on failure.

It uses Data::Dump::Filtered to add a filter to Data::Dump.

`perl2dump_homebrew`

my $ret = perl2dump_homebrew($perlvar, $optional_paramshashref)

Arguments:

$perlvar
$optional_paramshashref

Return value:

$ret

It does the same job as "perl2dump" which is to stringify a perl variable. And takes the same options.

It returns the string representation of the input perl variable on success or undef on failure.

The output can be fed back to "dump2perl".

It uses its own basic dumper. Which is recursive. So, beware of extremely deep nested data structures. Deep not long! But it probably is as efficient as it can be but definetely lacks in aesthetics and functionality compared to Dump and Dumper.

`dump_perl_var_recursively`

my $ret = dump_perl_var_recursively($perl_var)

Arguments:

$perl_var, a Perl variable like a scalar or an arbitrarily nested data structure. For the latter, it requires references, e.g. hash-ref or arrayref.

Return value:

$ret, the stringified version of the input Perl variable.

This sub will take a Perl var (as a scalar or an arbitrarily nested data structure) and emulate a very very basic Dump/Dumper but with enforced rendering unicode (for keys or values or array items), and not escaping unicode - this is not an option, it returns a string representation of the input perl var

There are 2 obvious limitations:

1. indentation is very basic,

2. it supports only scalars, hashes and arrays, (which will dive into them no problem) This sub can be used in conjuction with DataDumpFilterino() to create a Data::Dump filter like,

Data::Dump::Filtered::add_dump_filter( \& DataDumpFilterino );
or
dumpf($perl_var, \& DataDumpFilterino);

the input is a Perl variable as a reference, so no %inp but $inp={} and $inp=[].

This function is recursive. Beware of extremely deep nested data structures. Deep not long! But it probably is as efficient as it can be but definetely lacks in aesthetics and functionality compared to Dump and Dumper.

The output is a, possibly multiline, string. Which it can then be fed back to "dump2perl".

`dump2perl`

# CAVEAT: it will eval($dumpstring) internally, so
#         check $dumpstring for malicious code beforehand
#         it is a security risk if you don't.
#         Don't use it if $dumpstring comes from
#         untrusted sources (user input for example).
my $ret = dump2perl($dumpstring)

Arguments:

$dumpstring, this comes from the output of Data::Dump, Data::Dumper or our own "perl2dump", "perl2dump_filtered", "perl2dump_homebrew". Escaped, or unescaped.

Return value:

$ret, the Perl data structure on success or undef on failure.

CAVEAT: it eval()'s the input $dumpstring in order to create the Perl data structure. eval()'ing unknown or unchecked input is a security risk. Always check input to eval() which comes from untrusted sources, like user input, scraped documents, email content. Anything really.

`json2perl`

my $ret = json2perl($jsonstring)

Arguments:

$jsonstring

Return value:

$ret

Given an input $jsonstring as a string, it will return the equivalent Perl data structure using JSON::decode_json(Encode::encode_utf8($jsonstring)).

It returns the Perl data structure on success or undef on failure.

`jsonfile2perl`

my $ret = jsonfile2perl($filename)

Arguments:

$filename

Return value:

$ret

Given an input $filename which points to a file containing JSON content, it will return the equivalent Perl data structure.

It returns the Perl data structure on success or undef on failure.

`json2yaml`

my $ret = json2yaml($jsonstring, $optional_paramshashref)

Arguments:

$jsonstring
$optional_paramshashref

Return value:

$ret

Given an input JSON string $jsonstring, it will return the equivalent YAML string YAML by first converting JSON to a Perl variable and then converting that variable to YAML using "perl2yaml". All the parameters supported by "perl2yaml" are accepted.

It returns the YAML string on success or undef on failure.

`yaml2json`

my $ret = yaml2json($yamlstring, $optional_paramshashref)

Arguments:

$yamlstring
$optional_paramshashref

Return value:

$ret

Given an input YAML string $yamlstring, it will return the equivalent YAML string YAML by first converting YAML to a Perl variable and then converting that variable to JSON using "perl2json". All the parameters supported by "perl2json" are accepted.

It returns the JSON string on success or undef on failure.

`json2json` `yaml2yaml`

Transform a json or yaml string via pretty printing or via escaping unicode or via un-escaping unicode. Parameters like above will be accepted.

`json2dump` `dump2json` `yaml2dump` `dump2yaml`

These subs offer similar functionality as their counterparts described above.

Section CAVEATS, under "dump2perl", describes how dump2*() subs eval() a string possibly coming from user, possibly being unchecked.

`dump2dump`

my $ret = dump2dump($dumpstring, $optional_paramshashref)

Arguments:

$dumpstring
$optional_paramshashref

Return value:

$ret

For example:

my $dumpstr = '...';
my $newdumpstr = dump2dump(
  $dumpstr,
  {
    'dont-bloody-escape-unicode' => 1,
    'terse' => 0,
  }
);

It returns the a dump string similar to

`read_from_file`

my $contents = read_from_file($filename)

Arguments:

$filename : the input filename.

Return value:

$contents

Given a filename, it opens it using :encoding(UTF-8), slurps its contents and closes it. It's a convenience sub which could have also been private. If you want to retain the filehandle, use "read_from_filehandle".

It returns the file contents on success or undef on failure.

`read_from_filehandle`

my $contents = read_from_filehandle($filehandle)

Arguments:

$filehandle : the handle to an already opened file.

Return value:

$contents : the file contents slurped.

It slurps all content from the specified input file handle. Upon return the file handle is still open. It returns the file contents on success or undef on failure.

`write_to_file`

write_to_file($filename, $contents) or die

Arguments:

$filename : the output filename.
$contents : any string to write it to file.

Return value:

1 on success, 0 on failure

Given a filename, it opens it using :encoding(UTF-8), writes all specified content and closes the file. It's a convenience sub which could have also been private. If you want to retain the filehandle, use "write_to_filehandle".

It returns 1 on success or 0 on failure.

`write_to_filehandle`

write_to_filehandle($filehandle, $contents) or die

Arguments:

$filehandle : the handle to an already opened file (for writing).

Return value:

1 on success or 0 on failure.

It writes content to the specified file handle. Upon return the file handle is still open.

It returns 1 on success or 0 on failure.

SCRIPTS

A few scripts have been put together and offer the functionality of this module to the command line. They are part of this distribution and can be found in the script directory.

These are: json2json.pl, json2yaml.pl, yaml2json.pl, json2perl.pl, perl2json.pl, yaml2perl.pl

CAVEATS

I have to apologise here to the authors of YAML::PP for defaming them because I clumsily wrote YAML::PP when I wanted to write YAML.

So, the reality is that YAML::PP does not have any problem in handling the edge-case below.

A valid Perl variable may kill YAML's Load() because of escapes and quotes. For example this:

my $yamlstr = <<'EOS';
---
- 682224
- "\"w": 1
EOS
my $pv = eval { YAML::Load($yamlstr) };
if( $@ ){ die "failed(1): ". $@ }
# it's dead

Strangely, there is no problem for this:

my $yamlstr = <<'EOS';
---
- 682224
- "\"w"
EOS
# this is OK also:
# - \"w: 1
my $pv = eval { YAML::Load($yamlstr) };
if( $@ ){ die "failed(1): ". $@ }
# it's OK! still alive.

I have provided an author-only test (make deficiencies) which tests all three of them on the edge cases. Both YAML::PP and YAML::XS pass the tests.

This YAML issue is relevant. Many thanks to CPAN authors TINITA and INGY for their work on this, and on YAML* too.

For now, the plan is to still use YAML::PP and avoid explicitly requiring YAML::XS until YAML::Any is ready.

Be warned that sub dump2perl() eval()'s its input. If this comes from the user and it is not checked then it is considered a security problem. Subs dump2json(), dump2yaml(), dump2dump() use dump2perl(). The four subs will issue a warning whenever you call them. Additionally, as from version 0.28, they need to be explicitly imported like:

use Data::Roundtrip qw/... dump2perl .../

They are no longer part of export tag :dump nor :all. If their input comes from the user please check the input not to contain malicious code which when eval()'ed can create security concerns.

AUTHOR

Andreas Hadjiprocopis, <bliako at cpan.org> / <andreashad2 at gmail.com>

BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests to bug-data-roundtrip at rt.cpan.org, or through the web interface at https://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Data-Roundtrip. I will be notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes.

SUPPORT

You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.

perldoc Data::Roundtrip

You can also look for information at:

RT: CPAN's request tracker (report bugs here)

https://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Data-Roundtrip
AnnoCPAN: Annotated CPAN documentation

http://annocpan.org/dist/Data-Roundtrip
Review this module at PerlMonks

https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=21144
Search CPAN

https://metacpan.org/release/Data-Roundtrip

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Several Monks at PerlMonks.org (in no particular order):

haukex
Corion (the _qquote_redefinition_by_Corion() which harnesses Data::Dumper's incessant unicode escaping)
kcott (The EXPORT section among other suggestions)
jwkrahn
leszekdubiel
marto
Haarg
and an anonymous monk
CPAN author Slaven Rezić (SREZIC) for testing the code and reporting numerous problems.
CPAN authors TINITA and INGY for working on an issue related to YAML.

DEDICATIONS

Almaz!

LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT

This is free software, licensed under:

The Artistic License 2.0 (GPL Compatible)

1 POD Error

The following errors were encountered while parsing the POD:

Around line 1386:: =back doesn't take any parameters, but you said =back Given an input string C<$dumpstring>, which can have been produced by e.g. C<perl2dump()> and is identical to L<Data::Dumper>'s C<Dumper()> output, it will roundtrip back to the same string, possibly with altered format via the parameters in C<$optional_paramshashref>.

To install Data::Roundtrip, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm Data::Roundtrip

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Data::Roundtrip

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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NAME

VERSION

SYNOPSIS

EXPORT

EFFICIENCY

BENCHMARKS

SUBROUTINES

perl2json

json2perl

perl2yaml

yaml2perl

yamlfile2perl

perl2dump

perl2dump_filtered

perl2dump_homebrew

dump_perl_var_recursively

dump2perl

json2perl

jsonfile2perl

json2yaml

yaml2json

json2json yaml2yaml

json2dump dump2json yaml2dump dump2yaml

dump2dump

read_from_file

read_from_filehandle

write_to_file

write_to_filehandle

SCRIPTS

CAVEATS

AUTHOR

BUGS

SEE ALSO

SUPPORT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

DEDICATIONS

LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT

Module Install Instructions

`perl2json`

`json2perl`

`perl2yaml`

`yaml2perl`

`yamlfile2perl`

`perl2dump`

`perl2dump_filtered`

`perl2dump_homebrew`

`dump_perl_var_recursively`

`dump2perl`

`json2perl`

`jsonfile2perl`

`json2yaml`

`yaml2json`

`json2json` `yaml2yaml`

`json2dump` `dump2json` `yaml2dump` `dump2yaml`

`dump2dump`

`read_from_file`

`read_from_filehandle`

`write_to_file`

`write_to_filehandle`