NAME
IO::Multiplex - Manage IO on many file handles
SYNOPSIS
use IO::Multiplex;
my $mux = new IO::Multiplex;
$mux->add($fh1);
$mux->add(\*FH2);
$mux->set_callback_object(...);
$mux->listen($server_socket);
$mux->loop;
sub mux_input {
...
}IO::Multiplex is designed to take the effort out of managing multiple file handles. It is essentially a really fancy front end to the select system call. In addition to maintaining the select loop, it buffers all input and output to/from the file handles. It can also accept incoming connections on one or more listen sockets.
DESCRIPTION
It is object oriented in design, and will notify you of significant events by calling methods on an object that you supply. If you are not using objects, you can simply supply __PACKAGE__ instead of an object reference.
You may have one callback object registered for each file handle, or one global one. Possibly both -- the per-file handle callback object will be used instead of the global one.
Each file handle may also have a timer associated with it. A callback function is called when the timer expires.
Handling input on descriptors
When input arrives on a file handle, the mux_input method is called on the appropriate callback object. This method is passed three arguments (in addition to the object reference itself of course):
a reference to the mux,
A reference to the file handle, and
a reference to the input buffer for the file handle.
The method should remove the data that it has consumed from the reference supplied. It may leave unconsumed data in the input buffer.
Handling output to descriptors
If IO::Multiplex did not handle output to the file handles as well as input from them, then there is a chance that the program could block while attempting to write. If you let the multiplexer buffer the output, it will write the data only when the file handle is capable of receiveing it.
The basic method for handing output to the multiplexer is the write method, which simply takes a file descriptor and the data to be written, like this:
$mux->write($fh, "Some data");For convenience, when the file handle is added to the multiplexer, it is tied to a special class which intercepts all attempts to write to the file handle. Thus, you can use print and printf to send output to the handle in a normal manner:
printf $fh "%s%d%X", $foo, $bar, $bazUnfortunately, Perl support for tied file handles is incomplete, and functions such as send cannot be supported.
Also, file handle object methods such as the send method of IO::Socket cannot be intercepted.
EXAMPLES
Simple Example
This is a simple telnet-like program, which demonstrates the concepts covered so far. It does not really work too well against a telnet server, but it does OK against the sample server presented further down.
use IO::Socket;
use IO::Multiplex;
# Create a multiplex object
my $mux = new IO::Multiplex;
# Connect to the host/port specified on the command line,
# or localhost:23
my $sock = new IO::Socket::INET(Proto => 'tcp',
PeerAddr => shift || 'localhost',
PeerPort => shift || 23)
or die "socket: $@";
# add the relevant file handles to the mux
$mux->add($sock);
$mux->add(\*STDIN);
# We want to buffer output to the terminal. This prevents the program
# from blocking if the user hits CTRL-S for example.
$mux->add(\*STDOUT);
# We're not object oriented, so just request callbacks to the
# current package
$mux->set_callback_object(__PACKAGE__);
# Enter the main mux loop.
$mux->loop;
# mux_input is called when input is available on one of
# the descriptors.
sub mux_input {
my $package = shift;
my $mux = shift;
my $fh = shift;
my $input = shift;
# Figure out whence the input came, and send it on to the
# other place.
if ($fh == $sock) {
print STDOUT $$input;
} else {
print $sock $$input;
}
# Remove the input from the input buffer.
$$input = '';
}
# This gets called if the other end closes the connection.
sub mux_close {
print STDERR "Connection Closed\n";
exit;
}A server example
Servers are just as simple to write. We just register a listen socket with the multiplex object listen method. It will automatically accept connections on it and add them to its list of active file handles.
This example is a simple chat server.
use IO::Socket;
use IO::Multiplex;
my $mux = new IO::Multiplex;
# Create a listening socket
my $sock = new IO::Socket::INET(Proto => 'tcp',
LocalPort => shift || 2300,
Listen => 4)
or die "socket: $@";
# We use the listen method instead of the add method.
$mux->listen($sock);
$mux->set_callback_object(__PACKAGE__);
$mux->loop;
sub mux_input {
my $package = shift;
my $mux = shift;
my $fh = shift;
my $input = shift;
# The handles method returns a list of references to handles which
# we have registered, except for listen sockets.
foreach $c ($mux->handles) {
print $c $$input;
}
$$input = '';
}A more complex server example
Let us take a look at the beginnings of a multi-user game server. We will have a Player object for each player.
# Paste the above example in here, up to but not including the
# mux_input subroutine.
# mux_connection is called when a new connection is accepted.
sub mux_connection {
my $package = shift;
my $mux = shift;
my $fh = shift;
# Construct a new player object
Player->new($mux, $fh);
}
package Player;
my %players = ();
sub new {
my $package = shift;
my $self = bless { mux => shift,
fh => shift } => $package;
# Register the new player object as the callback specifically for
# this file handle.
$self->{mux}->set_callback_object($self, $self->{fh});
print $self->{fh}
"Greetings, Professor. Would you like to play a game?\n";
# Register this player object in the main list of players
$players{$self} = $self;
$mux->set_timeout($self->{fh}, 1);
}
sub players { return values %players; }
sub mux_input {
my $self = shift;
shift; shift; # These two args are boring
my $input = shift; # Scalar reference to the input
# Process each line in the input, leaving partial lines
# in the input buffer
while ($$input =~ s/^(.*?)\n//) {
$self->process_command($1);
}
}
sub mux_close {
my $self = shift;
# Player disconnected;
# [Notify other players or something...]
delete $players{$self};
}
# This gets called every second to update player info, etc...
sub mux_timeout {
my $self = shift;
my $mux = shift;
$self->heartbeat;
$mux->set_timeout($self->{fh}, 1);
}METHODS
new
Construct a new IO::Multiplex object.
$mux = new IO::Multiplex;listen
Add a socket to be listened on. The socket should have had the bind and listen system calls already applied to it. The IO::Socket module will do this for you.
$socket = new IO::Socket::INET(Listen => ..., LocalAddr => ...);
$mux->listen($socket);Connections will be automatically accepted and added to the multiplex object. The mux_connection callback method will also be called.
add
Add a file handle to the multiplexer.
$mux->add($fh);As a side effect, this sets non-blocking mode on the handle, and disables STDIO buffering. It also ties it to intercept output to the handle.
remove
Removes a file handle from the multiplexer. This also unties the handle. It does not currently turn STDIO buffering back on, or turn off non-blocking mode.
$mux->remove($fh);set_callback_object
Set the object on which callbacks are made. If you are not using objects, you can specify the name of the package into which the method calls are to be made.
If a file handle is supplied, the callback object is specific for that handle:
$mux->set_callback_object($object, $fh);Otherwise, it is considered a default callback object, and is used when events occur on a file handle that does not have its own callback object.
$mux->set_callback_object(__PACKAGE__);The previously registered object (if any) is returned.
See also the CALLBACK INTERFACE section.
kill_output
Remove any pending output on a file descriptor.
$mux->kill_output($fh);outbuffer
Return or set the output buffer for a descriptor
$output = $mux->outbuffer($fh);
$mux->outbuffer($fh, $output);inbuffer
Return or set the input buffer for a descriptor
$input = $mux->inbuffer($fh);
$mux->inbuffer($fh, $input);set_timeout
Set the timer for a file handle. The timeout value is a certain number of seconds in the future, after which the mux_timeout callback is called.
If the Time::HiRes module is installed, the timers may be specified in fractions of a second.
Timers are not reset automatically.
$mux->set_timeout($fh, 23.6);Use $mux->set_timeout($fh, undef) to cancel a timer.
handles
Returns a list of handles that the IO::Multiplex object knows about, excluding listen sockets.
@handles = $mux->handles;loop
Enter the main loop and start processing IO events.
$mux->loop;endloop
Prematurly terminate the loop. The loop will automatically terminate when there are no remaining descriptors to be watched.
$mux->endloop;udp_peer
Get peer endpoint of where the last udp packet originated.
$saddr = $mux->udp_peer($fh);is_udp
Sometimes UDP packets require special attention. This method will tell if a file handle is of type UDP.
$is_udp = $mux->is_udp($fh);write
Send output to a file handle.
$mux->write($fh, "'ere I am, JH!\n");shutdown
Shut down a socket for reading or writing or both. See the shutdown Perl documentation for further details.
If the shutdown is for reading, it happens immediately. However, shutdowns for writing are delayed until any pending output has been successfully written to the socket.
$mux->shutdown($socket, 1);close
Close a handle. Always use this method to close a handle that is being watched by the multiplexer.
$mux->close($fh);CALLBACK INTERFACE
Callback objects should support the following interface. You do not have to provide all of these methods, just provide the ones you are interested in.
All methods receive a reference to the callback object (or package) as their first argument, in the traditional object oriented way. References to the IO::Multiplex object and the relevant file handle are also provided. This will be assumed in the method descriptions.
mux_input
Called when input is ready on a descriptor. It is passed a reference to the input buffer. It should remove any input that it has consumed, and leave any partially received data in the buffer.
sub mux_input {
my $self = shift;
my $mux = shift;
my $fh = shift;
my $data = shift;
# Process each line in the input, leaving partial lines
# in the input buffer
while ($$data =~ s/^(.*?\n)//) {
$self->process_command($1);
}
}mux_eof
This is called when an end-of-file condition is present on the descriptor. This is does not nessecarily mean that the descriptor has been closed, as the other end of a socket could have used shutdown to close just half of the socket, leaving us free to write data back down the still open half. Like mux_input, it is also passed a reference to the input buffer. It should consume the entire buffer or else it will just be lost.
In this example, we send a final reply to the other end of the socket, and then shut it down for writing. Since it is also shut down for reading (implicly by the EOF condition), it will be closed once the output has been sent, after which the mux_close callback will be called.
sub mux_eof {
my $self = shift;
my $mux = shift;
my $fh = shift;
print $fh "Well, goodbye then!\n";
$mux->shutdown($fh, 1);
}mux_close
Called when a handle has been completely closed. At the time that mux_close is called, the handle will have been removed from the multiplexer, and untied.
mux_outbuffer_empty
Called after all pending output has been written to the file descriptor.
mux_connection
Called upon a new connection being accepted on a listen socket.
mux_timeout
Called when a timer expires.
AUTHOR
Copyright 1999 Bruce J Keeler <bruce@gridpoint.com>
Copyright 2001-2003 Rob Brown <bbb@cpan.org>
Released under the terms of the Artistic License.