NAME
Hijk - Fast & minimal low-level HTTP client
SYNOPSIS
A simple GET request:
use Hijk ();
my $res = Hijk::request({
method => "GET",
host => "example.com",
port => "80",
path => "/flower",
query_string => "color=red"
});
if (exists $res->{error} and $res->{error} & Hijk::Error::TIMEOUT) {
die "Oh noes we had some sort of timeout";
}
die "Expecting a successful response" unless $res->{status} == 200;
say $res->{body};A POST request, you have to manually set the appropriate headers, URI escape your values etc.
use Hijk ();
use URI::Escape qw(uri_escape);
my $res = Hijk::request({
method => "POST",
host => "example.com",
port => "80",
path => "/new",
head => [ "Content-Type" => "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" ],
query_string => "type=flower&bucket=the%20one%20out%20back",
body => "description=" . uri_escape("Another flower, let's hope it's exciting"),
});
die "Expecting a successful response" unless $res->{status} == 200;DESCRIPTION
Hijk is a fast & minimal low-level HTTP client intended to be used where you control both the client and the server, e.g. for talking to some internal service from a frontend user-facing web application.
It is NOT a general HTTP user agent, it doesn't support redirects, proxies, SSL and any number of other advanced HTTP features like (in roughly descending order of feature completeness) LWP::UserAgent, WWW::Curl, HTTP::Tiny, HTTP::Lite or Furl. This library is basically one step above manually talking HTTP over sockets.
Having said that it's lightning fast and extensively used in production at Booking.com where it's used as the go-to transport layer for talking to internal services. It uses non-blocking sockets and correctly handles all combinations of connect/read timeouts and other issues you might encounter from various combinations of parts of your system going down or becoming otherwise unavailable.
FUNCTION: Hijk::request( $args :HashRef ) :HashRef
Hijk::request is the only function you should use. It (or anything else in this package for that matter) is not exported, so you have to use the fully qualified name.
It takes a HashRef of arguments and either dies or returns a HashRef as a response.
The HashRef argument to it must contain some of the key-value pairs from the following list. The value for host and port are mandatory, but others are optional with default values listed below.
protocol => "HTTP/1.1", # (or "HTTP/1.0")
host => ...,
port => ...,
connect_timeout => undef,
read_timeout => undef,
read_length => 10240,
method => "GET",
path => "/",
query_string => "",
head => [],
body => "",
socket_cache => \%Hijk::SOCKET_CACHE, # (undef to disable, or \my %your_socket_cache)
on_connect => undef, # (or sub { ... })
parse_chunked => 0,
head_as_array => 0,
no_default_host_header => 1,Notice how Hijk does not take a full URI string as input, you have to specify the individual parts of the URL. Users who need to parse an existing URI string to produce a request should use the URI module to do so.
The value of head is an ArrayRef of key-value pairs instead of a HashRef, this way you can decide in which order the headers are sent, and you can send the same header name multiple times. For example:
head => [
"Content-Type" => "application/json",
"X-Requested-With" => "Hijk",
]Will produce these request headers:
Content-Type: application/json
X-Requested-With: HijkIn addition Hijk will provide a Host header for you by default with the host value you pass to request(). To suppress this (e.g. to send custom Host requests) pass a true value to the no_default_host_header option and provide your own Host header in the head ArrayRef (or don't, if you want to construct a Host-less request knock yourself out...).
Hijk doesn't escape any values for you, it just passes them through as-is. You can easily produce invalid requests if e.g. any of these strings contain a newline, or aren't otherwise properly escaped.
The value of connect_timeout or read_timeout is in floating point seconds, and is used as the time limit for connecting to the host, and reading the response back from it, respectively. The default value for both is undef, meaning no timeout limit. If you don't supply these timeouts and the host really is unreachable or slow, we'll reach the TCP timeout limit before returning some other error to you.
The default protocol is HTTP/1.1, but you can also specify HTTP/1.0. The advantage of using HTTP/1.1 is support for keep-alive, which matters a lot in environments where the connection setup represents non-trivial overhead. Sometimes that overhead is negligible (e.g. on Linux talking to an nginx on the local network), and keeping open connections down and reducing complexity is more important, in those cases you can either use HTTP/1.0, or specify Connection: close in the request, but just using HTTP/1.0 is an easy way to accomplish the same thing.
By default we will provide a socket_cache for you which is a global singleton that we maintain keyed on join($;, $$, $host, $port). Alternatively you can pass in socket_cache hash of your own which we'll use as the cache. To completely disable the cache pass in undef.
The optional on_connect callback is intended to be used for you to figure out from production traffic what you should set the connect_timeout. I.e. you can start a timer when you call Hijk::request() that you end when on_connect is called, that's how long it took us to get a connection. If you start another timer in that callback that you end when Hijk::request() returns to you that'll give you how long it took to send/receive data after we constructed the socket, i.e. it'll help you to tweak your read_timeout. The on_connect callback is provided with no arguments, and is called in void context.
We have experimental support for parsing chunked responses encoding. historically Hijk didn't support this at all and if you wanted to use it with e.g. nginx you had to add chunked_transfer_encoding off to the nginx config file.
Since you may just want to do that instead of having Hijk do more work to parse this out with a more complex and experimental codepath you have to explicitly enable it with parse_chunked. Otherwise Hijk will die when it encounters chunked responses. The parse_chunked option may be turned on by default in the future.
The return value is a HashRef representing a response. It contains the following key-value pairs.
proto => :Str
status => :StatusCode
body => :Str
head => :HashRef (or :ArrayRef with "head_as_array")
error => :PositiveInt
error_message => :Str
errno_number => :Int
errno_string => :StrFor example, to send a request to http://example.com/flower?color=red, pass the following parameters:
my $res = Hijk::request({
host => "example.com",
port => "80",
path => "/flower",
query_string => "color=red"
});
die "Response is not OK" unless $res->{status} == 200;Notice that you do not need to put the leading "?" character in the query_string. You do, however, need to properly uri_escape the content of query_string.
Again, Hijk doesn't escape any values for you, so these values MUST be properly escaped before being passed in, unless you want to issue invalid requests.
By default the head in the response is a HashRef rather then an ArrayRef. This makes it easier to retrieve specific header fields, but it means that we'll clobber any duplicated header names with the most recently seen header value. To get the returned headers as an ArrayRef instead specify head_as_array.
If you want to fiddle with the read_length value it controls how much we POSIX::read($fd, $buf, $read_length) at a time.
We currently don't support servers returning a http body without an accompanying Content-Length header; bodies MUST have a Content-Length or we won't pick them up.
ERROR CODES
If we had a recoverable error we'll include an "error" key whose value is a bitfield that you can check against Hijk::Error::* constants. Those are:
Hijk::Error::CONNECT_TIMEOUT
Hijk::Error::READ_TIMEOUT
Hijk::Error::TIMEOUT
Hijk::Error::CANNOT_RESOLVE
Hijk::Error::REQUEST_SELECT_ERROR
Hijk::Error::REQUEST_WRITE_ERROR
Hijk::Error::REQUEST_ERROR
Hijk::Error::RESPONSE_READ_ERROR
Hijk::Error::RESPONSE_BAD_READ_VALUE
Hijk::Error::RESPONSE_ERRORIn addition we might return error_message, errno_number and errno_string keys, see the discussion of Hijk::Error::REQUEST_* and Hijk::Error::RESPONSE_* errors below.
The Hijk::Error::TIMEOUT constant is the same as Hijk::Error::CONNECT_TIMEOUT | Hijk::Error::READ_TIMEOUT. It's there for convenience so you can do:
.. if exists $res->{error} and $res->{error} & Hijk::Error::TIMEOUT;Instead of the more verbose:
.. if exists $res->{error} and $res->{error} & (Hijk::Error::CONNECT_TIMEOUT | Hijk::Error::READ_TIMEOUT)We'll return Hijk::Error::CANNOT_RESOLVE if we can't gethostbyname() the host you've provided.
If we fail to do a select() or write() during when sending the response we'll return Hijk::Error::REQUEST_SELECT_ERROR or Hijk::Error::REQUEST_WRITE_ERROR, respectively. Similarly to Hijk::Error::TIMEOUT the Hijk::Error::REQUEST_ERROR constant is a union of these two, and any other request errors we might add in the future.
When we're getting the response back we'll return Hijk::Error::RESPONSE_READ_ERROR when we can't read() the response, and Hijk::Error::RESPONSE_BAD_READ_VALUE when the value we got from read() is 0. The Hijk::Error::RESPONSE_ERROR constant is a union of these two and any other response errors we might add in the future.
Some of these Hijk::Error::REQUEST_* and Hijk::Error::RESPONSE_* errors are re-thrown errors from system calls. In that case we'll also pass along error_message which is a short human readable error message about the error, as well as errno_number & errno_string, which are $!+0 and "$!" at the time we had the error.
Hijk might encounter other errors during the course of the request and WILL call die if that happens, so if you don't want your program to stop when a request like that fails wrap it in eval.
Having said that the point of the Hijk::Error::* interface is that all errors that happen during normal operation, i.e. making valid requests against servers where you can have issues like timeouts, network blips or the server thread on the other end being suddenly kill -9'd should be caught, categorized and returned in a structural way by Hijk.
We're not currently aware of any issues that occur in such normal operations that aren't classified as a Hijk::Error::*, and if we find new issues that fit the criteria above we'll likely just make a new Hijk::Error::* for it.
We're just not trying to guarantee that the library can never die, and aren't trying to catch truly exceptional issues like e.g. fcntl() failing on a valid socket.
AUTHORS
- Kang-min Liu <gugod@gugod.org>
- Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason <avar@cpan.org>
- Borislav Nikolov <jack@sofialondonmoskva.com>
- Damian Gryski <damian@gryski.com>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2013 Kang-min Liu <gugod@gugod.org>.
LICENCE
The MIT License
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