NAME
Net::SSH2 - Support for the SSH 2 protocol via libssh2.
SYNOPSIS
use Net::SSH2;
my $ssh2 = Net::SSH2->new();
$ssh2->connect('example.com') or $ssh2->die_with_error;
$ssh->check_hostkey('ask') or $ssh2->die_with_error;
if ($ssh2->auth_keyboard('fizban')) {
my $chan = $ssh2->channel();
$chan->exec('program');
my $sftp = $ssh2->sftp();
my $fh = $sftp->open('/etc/passwd') or $sftp->die_with_error;
print $_ while <$fh>;
}
DESCRIPTION
Net::SSH2 is a perl interface to the libssh2 (http://www.libssh2.org) library. It supports the SSH2 protocol (there is no support for SSH1) with all of the key exchanges, ciphers, and compression of libssh2.
Even if the module can be compiled and linked against very old versions of the library, nothing below 1.5.0 should really be used (older versions were quite buggy and unreliable) and version 1.7.0 or later is recommended.
Error handling
Unless otherwise indicated, methods return a true value on success and undef
on failure; use the "error" method to get extended error information.
Important: methods in Net::SSH2 not backed by libssh2 functions (i.e. "check_hostkey" or SCP related methods) require libssh2 1.7.0 or later in order to set the error state. That means that after any of those methods fails, "error" would not return the real code but just some bogus result when an older version of the library is used.
Typical usage
The typical usage order is as follows:
Create the SSH2 object calling "new".
Configure the session if required. For instance, enabling compression or picking some specific encryption methods.
Establish the SSH connection calling the method "connect".
Check the remote host public key calling "check_hostkey".
Authenticate calling the required authentication methods.
Call "channel" and related methods to create new bidirectional communication channels over the SSH connection.
Close the connection letting the Net::SSH2 object go out of scope or calling "disconnect" explicitly.
CONSTANTS
All the constants defined in libssh2 can be imported from Net::SSH2.
For instance:
use Net::SSH2 qw(LIBSSH2_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA_MERGE
LIBSSH2_CHANNEL_FLUSH_ALL
LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_ASK);
Though note that most methods accept the uncommon part of the constant name as a string. For instance the following two method calls are equivalent:
$channel->ext_data(LIBSSH2_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA_MERGE);
$channel->ext_data('merge');
Tags can be used to import the following constant subsets:
- all
-
All constants.
SSH constants:
- callback
- channel
- error
- socket
- trace
-
Tracing constants for use with
<$ssh2-
trace>> and<$ssh2-
new(trace =>...)>>. - hash
-
Key hash constants.
- method
- disconnect
-
Disconnect type constants.
- policy
-
Policies for method "check_hostkey".
SFTP constants:
- fx
- fxf
- sftp
METHODS
new
Create new Net::SSH2 object representing a SSH session.
To turn on tracing with a debug build of libssh2 use:
my $ssh2 = Net::SSH2->new(trace => -1);
banner ( text )
Set the SSH2 banner text sent to the remote host (prepends required "SSH-2.0-").
version
In scalar context, returns libssh2 version/patch e.g. 0.18 or "0.18.0-20071110". In list context, returns that version plus the numeric version (major, minor, and patch, each encoded as 8 bits, e.g. 0x001200 for version 0.18) and the default banner text (e.g. "SSH-2.0-libssh2_0.18.0-20071110").
error
Returns the last error code. In list context, returns (code, error name, error string).
Note that the returned error value is only meaningful after some other method indicates an error by returning false.
die_with_error ( [message] )
Calls die
with the given message and the error information from the object appended.
For instance:
$ssh2->connect("ajhkfhdklfjhklsjhd", 22)
or $ssh2->die_with_error;
# dies as:
# Unable to connect to remote host: Invalid argument (-1 LIBSSH2_ERROR_SOCKET_NONE)
sock
Returns a reference to the underlying IO::Socket object (usually a derived class as IO::Socket::IP or IO::Socket::INET), or undef
if not yet connected.
trace
Calls libssh2_trace
with supplied bitmask. In order to enable all tracing pass -1
as follows:
$ssh2->trace(-1);
A version of libssh2 compiled with tracing support is required.
timeout ( timeout_ms )
Enables a global timeout (in milliseconds) which will affect every action.
libssh2 version 1.2.9 or higher is required to use this method.
method ( type [, values... ] )
Sets or returns a method preference; for get, pass in the type only; to set, pass in either a list of values or a comma-separated string. Values can only be queried after the session is connected.
The following methods can be set or queried:
- KEX
-
Key exchange method names. Supported values:
- diffie-hellman-group1-sha1
-
Diffie-Hellman key exchange with SHA-1 as hash, and Oakley Group 2 (see RFC 2409).
- diffie-hellman-group14-sha1
-
Diffie-Hellman key exchange with SHA-1 as hash, and Oakley Group 14 (see RFC 3526).
- diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1
-
Diffie-Hellman key exchange with SHA-1 as hash, using a safe-prime/generator pair (chosen by server) of arbitrary strength (specified by client) (see IETF draft secsh-dh-group-exchange).
- HOSTKEY
-
Public key algorithms. Supported values:
- CRYPT_CS
-
Encryption algorithm from client to server. Supported algorithms:
- aes256-cbc
-
AES in CBC mode, with 256-bit key.
- rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se
-
Alias for aes256-cbc.
- aes192-cbc
-
AES in CBC mode, with 192-bit key.
- aes128-cbc
-
AES in CBC mode, with 128-bit key.
- blowfish-cbc
-
Blowfish in CBC mode.
- arcfour
-
ARCFOUR stream cipher.
- cast128-cbc
-
CAST-128 in CBC mode.
- 3des-cbc
-
Three-key 3DES in CBC mode.
- none
-
No encryption.
- CRYPT_SC
-
Encryption algorithm from server to client. See CRYPT_CS for supported algorithms.
- MAC_CS
-
Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms from client to server. Supported values:
- hmac-sha1
-
SHA-1 with 20-byte digest and key length.
- hmac-sha1-96
-
SHA-1 with 20-byte key length and 12-byte digest length.
- hmac-md5
-
MD5 with 16-byte digest and key length.
- hmac-md5-96
-
MD5 with 16-byte key length and 12-byte digest length.
- hmac-ripemd160
-
RIPEMD-160 algorithm with 20-byte digest length.
- hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com
-
Alias for hmac-ripemd160.
- none
-
No encryption.
- MAC_SC
-
Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms from server to client. See MAC_SC for supported algorithms.
- COMP_CS
-
Compression methods from client to server. Supported values:
- zlib
-
The "zlib" compression method as described in RFC 1950 and RFC 1951.
- none
-
No compression
- COMP_SC
-
Compression methods from server to client. See COMP_CS for supported compression methods.
connect ( handle | host [, port])
The arguments combinations accepted are as follows:
- a glob or
IO::*
object reference -
Note that tied file handles are not acceptable. The underlying libssh2 requires real file handles.
- host [, port]
-
In order to handle IPv6 addresses the optional module IO::Socket::IP is required.
The port number defaults to 22.
disconnect ( [description [, reason [, language]]] )
Sends a clean disconnect message to the remote server. Default values are empty strings for description and language, and SSH_DISCONNECT_BY_APPLICATION
for the reason.
hostname
The name of the remote host given at connect time or retrieved from the TCP layer.
port
The port number of the remote SSH server.
hostkey_hash ( hash type )
Returns a hash of the host key; note that the key is raw data and may contain nulls or control characters.
The type may be as follows:
Note: in previous versions of the module this method was called hostkey
.
remote_hostkey
Returns the public key of the remote host and its type which is one of LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_TYPE_RSA
, LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_TYPE_DSS
, or LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_TYPE_UNKNOWN
.
check_hostkey( [policy, [known_hosts_path [, comment] ] ] )
Looks for the remote host key inside the given known host file (defaults to ~/.ssh/known_hosts
).
On success, this method returns the result of the call done under the hood to Net::SSH2::KnownHost::check
(i.e. LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_MATCH
, LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_FAILURE
, LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_NOTFOUND
or LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_MISMATCH
).
On failure it returns undef
.
The accepted policies are as follows:
- LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_STRICT
-
Only host keys already present in the known hosts file are accepted.
This is the default policy.
- LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_ASK
-
If the host key is not present in the known hosts file, the user is asked if it should be accepted or not.
If accepted, the key is added to the known host file with the given comment.
- LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_TOFU
-
Trust On First Use: if the host key is not present in the known hosts file, it is added there and accepted.
- LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_ADVISORY
-
The key is always accepted, but it is never saved into the known host file.
- callback
-
If a reference to a subroutine is given, it is called when the key is not present in the known hosts file or a different key is found. The arguments passed to the callback are the session object, the matching error (
LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_FAILURE
,LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_NOTFOUND
orLIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_MISMATCH
) and the comment.
auth_list ( [username] )
Returns the authentication methods accepted by the server. In scalar context the methods are returned as a comma separated string.
When the server accepted an unauthenticated session for the given username, this method returns undef
but "auth_ok" returns true.
auth_ok
Returns true when the session is authenticated.
auth_password ( username [, password [, callback ]] )
Authenticates using a password.
If the password has expired, if a callback code reference was given, it's called as callback($self, $username)
and should return a password. If no callback is provided, LIBSSH2_ERROR_PASSWORD_EXPIRED is returned.
auth_password_interact ( username [, callback])
Prompts the user for the password interactively (requires Term::ReadKey).
auth_publickey ( username, publickey_path, privatekey_path [, passphrase ] )
Authenticate using the given private key and an optional passphrase.
When libssh2 is compiled using OpenSSL as the crypto backend, passing this method undef
as the public key argument is acceptable (OpenSSL is able to extract the public key from the private one).
auth_publickey_frommemory ( username, publickey_blob, privatekey_blob [, passphrase ] )
Authenticate using the given public/private key and an optional passphrase. The keys must be PEM encoded (requires libssh2 1.6.0 or later with the OpenSSL backend).
auth_hostbased ( username, publickey, privatekey, hostname, [, local username [, passphrase ]] )
Host-based authentication using an optional passphrase. The local username defaults to be the same as the remote username.
auth_keyboard ( username, password | callback )
Authenticate using keyboard-interactive
. Takes either a password, or a callback code reference which is invoked as callback->(self, username, name, instruction, prompt...)
(where each prompt is a hash with text
and echo
keys, signifying the prompt text and whether the user input should be echoed, respectively) which should return an array of responses.
If only a username is provided, the default callback will handle standard interactive responses (requires Term::ReadKey)
auth_agent ( username )
Try to authenticate using an SSH agent (requires libssh2 1.2.3).
auth ( ... )
This is a general, prioritizing authentication mechanism that can use any of the previous methods. You provide it some parameters and (optionally) a ranked list of methods you want considered (defaults to all). It will remove any unsupported methods or methods for which it doesn't have parameters (e.g. if you don't give it a public key, it can't use publickey or hostkey), and try the rest, returning whichever one succeeded or undef
if they all failed. If a parameter is passed with an undef
value, a default value will be supplied if possible.
The parameters are:
- rank
-
An optional ranked list of methods to try. The names should be the names of the Net::SSH2
auth
methods, e.g.keyboard
orpublickey
, with the addition ofkeyboard-auto
for automatedkeyboard-interactive
andpassword-interact
which prompts the user for the password interactively. - username
- password
- publickey
- privatekey
-
privatekey
andpublickey
are file paths. - passphrase
- hostname
- local_username
- interact
-
If this option is set to a true value, interactive methods will be enabled.
- fallback
-
If a password is given but authentication using it fails, the module will fall back to ask the user for another password if this parameter is set to a true value.
- cb_keyboard
-
auth_keyboard callback.
- cb_password
-
auth_password callback.
For historical reasons and in order to maintain backward compatibility with older versions of the module, when the password
argument is given, it is also used as the passphrase (and a deprecation warning generated).
In order to avoid that behaviour the passphrase
argument must be also passed (it could be undef
). For instance:
$ssh2->auth(username => $user,
privatekey => $privatekey_path,
publickey => $publickey_path,
password => $password,
passphrase => undef);
This work around will be removed in a not too distant future version of the module.
flag (key, value)
Sets the given session flag.
The currently supported flag values are:
- COMPRESS
-
If set before the connection negotiation is performed, compression will be negotiated for this connection.
Compression can also be enabled passing the
Compress
option "connect". - SIGPIPE
-
if set, Net::SSH2/libssh2 will not attempt to block SIGPIPEs but will let them trigger from the underlying socket layer.
keepalive_config(want_reply, interval)
Set how often keepalive messages should be sent.
want_reply
indicates whether the keepalive messages should request a response from the server. interval
is number of seconds that can pass without any I/O.
keepalive_send
Send a keepalive message if needed.
On failure returns undef. On success returns how many seconds you can sleep after this call before you need to call it again.
Note that the underlying libssh2 function libssh2_keepalive_send
can not recover from EAGAIN errors. If this method fails with such error, the SSH connection may become corrupted.
channel ( [type, [window size, [packet size]]] )
Creates and returns a new channel object. The default type is "session". See Net::SSH2::Channel.
tcpip ( host, port [, shost, sport ] )
Creates a TCP connection from the remote host to the given host:port, returning a new channel.
The shost
and sport
arguments are merely informative and passed to the remote SSH server as the origin of the connection. They default to 127.0.0.1:22.
Note that this method does not open a new port on the local machine and forwards incoming connections to the remote side.
listen ( port [, host [, bound port [, queue size ]]] )
Sets up a TCP listening port on the remote host. Host defaults to 0.0.0.0; if bound port is provided, it should be a scalar reference in which the bound port is returned. Queue size specifies the maximum number of queued connections allowed before the server refuses new connections.
Returns a new Net::SSH2::Listener object.
scp_get ( remote [, local ] )
Retrieve a file with scp; local path defaults to basename of remote. local
may be an IO object (e.g. IO::File, IO::Scalar).
scp_put ( local [, remote ] )
Send a file with scp; remote path defaults to same as local. local
may be an IO object instead of a filename (but it must have a valid stat method).
sftp
Return SecureFTP interface object (see Net::SSH2::SFTP).
Note that SFTP support in libssh2 is pretty rudimentary. You should consider using Net::SFTP::Foreign with the Net::SSH2 backend Net::SFTP::Foreign::Backend::Net_SSH2 instead.
public_key
Return public key interface object (see Net::SSH2::PublicKey).
known_hosts
Returns known hosts interface object (see Net::SSH2::KnownHosts).
poll ( timeout, arrayref of hashes )
Deprecated: the poll functionality in libssh2 is deprecated and its usage disregarded. Session methods "sock" and "block_directions" can be used instead to integrate Net::SSH2 inside an external event loop.
Pass in a timeout in milliseconds and an arrayref of hashes with the following keys:
- handle
-
May be a Net::SSH2::Channel or Net::SSH2::Listener object, integer file descriptor, or perl file handle.
- events
-
Requested events. Combination of LIBSSH2_POLLFD_* constants (with the POLL prefix stripped if present), or an arrayref of the names ('in', 'hup' etc.).
- revents
-
Returned events. Returns a hash with the (lowercased) names of the received events ('in', 'hup', etc.) as keys with true values, and a
value
key with the integer value.
Returns undef on error, or the number of active objects.
block_directions
Get the blocked direction when a function returns LIBSSH2_ERROR_EAGAIN, returns LIBSSH2_SOCKET_BLOCK_INBOUND or LIBSSH2_SOCKET_BLOCK_OUTBOUND from the socket export group.
debug ( state )
Class method (affects all Net::SSH2 objects). Pass 1 to enable, 0 to disable. Debug output is sent to stderr via warn
.
blocking ( flag )
Enable or disable blocking. Note that if blocking is disabled, methods that create channels may fail, e.g. channel
, SFTP
, scp_*
.
SEE ALSO
Net::SSH2::Channel, Net::SSH2::Listener, Net::SSH2::SFTP, Net::SSH2::File, Net::SSH2::Dir.
LibSSH2 documentation at http://www.libssh2.org.
IETF Secure Shell (secsh) working group at http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/secsh-charter.html.
Net::SSH::Any and Net::SFTP::Foreign integrate nicely with Net::SSH2.
Other Perl modules related to SSH you may find interesting: Net::OpenSSH, Net::SSH::Perl, Net::OpenSSH::Parallel, Net::OpenSSH::Compat.
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2005 - 2010 by David B. Robins (dbrobins@cpan.org).
Copyright (C) 2010 - 2016 by Rafael Kitover (rkitover@cpan.org).
Copyright (C) 2011 - 2016 by Salvador Fandiño (salva@cpan.org).
All rights reserved.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.0 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.