/ 
Statistics-Running-0.13
River stage zero No dependents
/ Statistics::Running

NAME

Statistics::Running - Basic descriptive statistics (mean/stdev/min/max/skew/kurtosis) and discrete Probability Distribution (via histogram) over data without the need to store data points ever. OOP style.

VERSION

Version 0.11

SYNOPSIS

	use Statistics::Running;
	my $ru = Statistics::Running->new();
	for(1..100){
		$ru->add(rand());
	}
	print "mean: ".$ru->mean()."\n";
	$ru->add(12345);
	print "mean: ".$ru->mean()."\n";

	my $ru2 = Statistics::Running->new();
	$ru2->histogram_enable({
		'num-bins' => 10,
		'bin-width' => 0.01,
		'left-boundary' => 0
	});
	for(1..100){
		$ru2->add(rand());
	}
	print "Probability Distribution of data:\n".$ru2->histogram_stringify()."\n";

	# add two stat objects together (histograms are not!)
	my $ru3 = $ru + $ru2;
	print "mean of concatenated data: ".$ru3->mean()."\n";

	$ru += $ru2;
	print "mean after appending data: ".$ru->mean()."\n";

	print "stats: ".$ru->stringify()."\n";

	# example output:
	print $ru2."\n";
N: 100, mean: 0.488978434779093, range: 0.0056063539679414 to 0.99129297226348, standard deviation: 0.298129905728534, kurtosis: -1.22046199974301, skewness: -0.0268827866000826, histogram:
   0.000 -    0.010:     2 #####################################################
   0.010 -    0.020:     2 #####################################################
   0.020 -    0.030:     2 #####################################################
   0.030 -    0.041:     2 #####################################################
   0.041 -    0.051:     1 ###########################
   0.051 -    0.062:     0 |
   0.062 -    0.073:     2 #####################################################
   0.073 -    0.083:     0 |
   0.083 -    0.094:     1 ###########################

DESCRIPTION

Statistics are updated every time a new data point is added in. The common practice to calculate descriptive statistics for 5 data points as well as 1 billion points is to store them in an array, loop over the array to calculate the mean, then loop over the array again to calculate standard deviation, as Sum (x_i-mean)**2. Standard deviation is the reason data is stored in the array. This module uses B.P.Welford's method to calculate descriptive statistics by continually adjusting the stats and not storing a single data point. Except from the computational and environmental benefits of such an approach, B.P.Welford's method is also immune to accumulated precision errors. It is stable and accurate.

For more details on the method and its stability look at this: John D. Cook's article and C++ implementation

A version without the histogram exists under Statistics::Running::Tiny and is faster, obviously. About 25% faster.

There are three amazing things about B.P.Welford's algorithm implemented here:

1. It calculates and keeps updating mean/standard-deviation etc. on data without the need to store that data. As new data comes in, the statistics are updated based on the state of a few variables (mean, number of data points, etc.) but not the past data points. This includes the calculation of standard deviation which most of us knew (wrongly) that it requires a second pass on the data points, after the mean is calculated. Well, B.P.Welford found a way to avoid this.
2. The standard formula for standard deviation requires to sum the square of the difference of each sample from the mean. If samples are large numbers then you are summing differences of large numbers. If further there is little difference between samples, and the discrepancy from the mean is small, then you are prone to precision errors which accumulate to destructive effect if the number of samples is large. In contrast, B.P.Welford's algorithm does not suffer from this, it is stable and accurate.
3. B.P.Welford's online statistics algorithm is quite a revolutionary idea and why is not an obligatory subject in first-year programming courses is beyond comprehension. Here is a way to decrease those CO2 emissions.

The basis for the code in this module comes from John D. Cook's article and C++ implementation

EXPORT

Nothing, this is an Object Oriented module. Once you instantiate an object all its methods are yours.

SUBROUTINES/METHODS

new

Constructor, initialises internal variables.

add

Update our statistics after one more data point/sample (or an array of them) is presented to us.

my $ru1 = Statistics::Running->new();
for(1..100){
	$ru1->add(rand());
	print $ru1."\n";
}

Input can be a single data point (a scalar) or a reference to an array of data points.

copy_from

Copy state of input object into current effectively making us like them. Our previous state is forgotten. After that adding a new data point into us will be with the new state copied.

my $ru1 = Statistics::Running->new();
for(1..100){
	$ru1->add(rand());
}
my $ru2 = Statistics::Running->new();
for(1..100){
	$ru2->add(rand());
}
# copy the state of ru1 into ru2. state of ru1 is forgotten.
$ru2->copy_from($ru1);

clone

Clone state of our object into a newly created object which is returned. Our object and returned object are identical at the time of cloning.

my $ru1 = Statistics::Running->new();
for(1..100){
	$ru1->add(rand());
}
my $ru2 = $ru1->clone();

clear

Clear our internal state as if no data points have ever been added into us. As if we were just created. All state is forgotten and reset to zero, including histogram.

mean

Returns the mean of all the data pushed in us

sum

Returns the sum of all the data pushed in us (algebraic sum, not absolute sum)

abs_sum

Returns the sum of the absolute value of all the data pushed in us (this is not algebraic sum)

min

Returns the minimum data sample added in us

max

Returns the maximum data sample added in us

get_N

Returns the number of data points/samples inserted, and had their descriptive statistics calculated, so far.

variance

Returns the variance of the data points/samples added onto us so far.

standard_deviation

Returns the standard deviation of the data points/samples added onto us so far. This is the square root of the variance.

skewness

Returns the skewness of the data points/samples added onto us so far.

kurtosis

Returns the kurtosis of the data points/samples added onto us so far.

concatenate

Concatenates our state with the input object's state and returns a newly created object with the combined state. Our object and input object are not modified. The overloaded symbol '+' points to this sub.

append

Appends input object's state into ours. Our state is modified. (input object's state is not modified) The overloaded symbol '+=' points to this sub.

histogram_enable

Enables histogram logging by creating a histogram with specified parameters. These parameters can be of different formats:

my $ru1 = Statistics::Running->new();
$ru1->histogram_enable({
	'num-bins' => 10,
	'bin-width' => 0.01,
	'left-boundary' => 0
});
# or, 2 bins: 0-1 and 1-2
$ru1->histogram_enable({
	'0:1' => 0,
	'1:2' => 1,
});
# or, 2 bins: 0-1 and 1-2
$ru1->histogram_enable([0,1,2]);
1. by specifying the number of bins, bin-width and left boundary as a parameters hash, e.g. $ru-enable_histogram({'num-bins'=>5, 'bin-width'=>1, 'left-boundary'=>-2}); >
2. by specifying a HASH where keys are 'FROM:TO' and values are the bin counts, which can be zero, or even a positive integer if you want to start with some counts already.
3. ARRAY of bin boundaries of the form [histo-left-boundary, bin1_right_boundary, bin2_right_boundary, ... binN-1_right_boundary, histo-right-boundary] It follows that the number of bins will be 1 less than the length of this array.

histogram_disable

Disable histogram logging, all existing histogram data is erased. Number of bins is forgotten, along with bin boundaries, etc.

histogram_reset

Set existing histogram to zero counts.

histogram_count

Returns the count in bin specified by bin index (which is 0 to number-of-bins - 1)

equals

Check if our state (number of samples and all internal state) is the same with input object's state. Equality here implies that ALL statistics are equal (within a small number Statistics::Running::SMALL_NUMBER_FOR_EQUALITY)

equals_statistics

Check if our statistics only (and not sample size) are the same with input object. E.g. it checks mean, variance etc. but not sample size (as with the real equals()). It returns 0 on non-equality. 1 if equal.

equals_histograms

Check if our histogram only (and not statitstics) are the same with input object. It returns 0 on non-equality. 1 if equal.

stringify

Returns a string description of descriptive statistics we know about (mean, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness) as well as the number of data points/samples added onto us so far. Note that this method is not necessary because stringification is overloaded and the follow print $stats_obj."\n" is equivalent to print $stats_obj-stringify()."\n" >

Overloaded functionality

1. Addition of two statistics objects: my $ru3 = $ru1 + $ru2
2. Test for equality: if( $ru2 == $ru3 ){ ... }
3. Stringification: print $ru1."\n"

Testing for Equality

In testing if two objects are the same, their means, standard deviations etc. are compared. This is done using if( ($self-mean() - $other->mean()) < Statistics::Running::SMALL_NUMBER_FOR_EQUALITY ){ ... } >

BENCHMARKS

Run make bench for benchmarks which report the maximum number of data points inserted per second (in your system).

SEE ALSO

1. Wikipedia
2. John D. Cook's article and C++ implementation was used both as inspiration and as the basis for the formulas for kurtosis() and skewness()
3. Statistics::Welford This module is equivalent but it does not provide kurtosis() and skewness() which current module does. Additionally, current module builds a Histogram for inserted data as a discrete approximation of the Probability Distribution data comes from.
4. Statistics::Running::Tiny This is the exact same module but without histogram capabilities. That makes it a bit faster than current module only when data is inserted. Space-wise, the histogram does not take much space. It is just an array of bins and the number of items (not the original data items themselves!) it contains. Run make bench to get a report on the maximum number of data point insertions per unit time in your system. Statistics::Running::Tiny is approximately 25% faster than this module.

AUTHOR

Andreas Hadjiprocopis, <bliako at cpan.org>

BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests to bug-statistics-running at rt.cpan.org, or through the web interface at http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Statistics-Running. I will be notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes.

SUPPORT

You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.

perldoc Statistics::Running

You can also look for information at:

DEDICATIONS

Almaz

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

B.P.Welford, John Cook.

LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2018-2019 Andreas Hadjiprocopis.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the the Artistic License (2.0). You may obtain a copy of the full license at:

http://www.perlfoundation.org/artistic_license_2_0

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This license includes the non-exclusive, worldwide, free-of-charge patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import and otherwise transfer the Package with respect to any patent claims licensable by the Copyright Holder that are necessarily infringed by the Package. If you institute patent litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim) against any party alleging that the Package constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement, then this Artistic License to you shall terminate on the date that such litigation is filed.

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