/ 
Math-PlanePath-129
River stage one • 3 direct dependents • 4 total dependents
/ Math::PlanePath::SquareReplicate

NAME

Math::PlanePath::SquareReplicate -- replicating squares

SYNOPSIS

use Math::PlanePath::SquareReplicate;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::SquareReplicate->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);

DESCRIPTION

This path is a self-similar replicating square,

40--39--38  31--30--29  22--21--20         4
 |       |   |       |   |       |
41  36--37  32  27--28  23  18--19         3
 |           |           |
42--43--44  33--34--35  24--25--26         2

49--48--47   4-- 3-- 2  13--12--11         1
 |       |   |       |   |       |
50  45--46   5   0-- 1  14   9--10     <- Y=0
 |           |           |
51--52--53   6-- 7-- 8  15--16--17        -1

58--57--56  67--66--65  76--75--74        -2
 |       |   |       |   |       |
59  54--55  68  63--64  77  72--73        -3
 |           |           |
60--61--62  69--70--71  78--79--80        -4

                 ^
-4  -3  -2  -1  X=0  1   2   3   4

The base shape is the initial N=0 to N=8 section,

4  3  2
5  0  1
6  7  8

It then repeats with 3x3 blocks arranged in the same pattern, then 9x9 blocks, etc.

36 --- 27 --- 18
 |             |
 |             |
45      0 ---  9
 |
 |
54 --- 63 --- 72

The replication means that the values on the X axis are those using only digits 0,1,5 in base 9. Those to the right have a high 1 digit and those to the left a high 5 digit. These digits are the values in the initial N=0 to N=8 figure which fall on the X axis.

Similarly on the Y axis digits 0,3,7 in base 9, or the leading diagonal X=Y 0,2,6 and opposite diagonal 0,4,8. The opposite diagonal digits 0,4,8 are 00,11,22 in base 3, so is all the values in base 3 with doubled digits aabbccdd, etc.

Level Ranges

A given replication extends to

Nlevel = 9^level - 1
- (3^level - 1) <= X <= (3^level - 1)
- (3^level - 1) <= Y <= (3^level - 1)

Complex Base

This pattern corresponds to expressing a complex integer X+i*Y with axis powers of base b=3,

X+Yi = a[n]*b^n + ... + a[2]*b^2 + a[1]*b + a[0]

using complex digits a[i] encoded in N in integer base 9,

a[i] digit     N digit
----------     -------
      0           0
      1           1
    i+1           2
    i             3
    i-1           4
     -1           5
   -i-1           6
   -i             7
   -i+1           8

Numbering Rotate-4

Parameter numbering_type => 'rotate-4' applies a rotation to 4 directions E,N,W,S for each sub-part according to its position around the preceding level.

     ^   ^
     |   |
   +---+---+---+
   | 4   3 | 2 |-->
   +---+---+   +
<--| 5 | 0>| 1 |-->
   +   +---+---+
<--| 6 | 7   8 |
   +---+---+---+
         |   |
         v   v

The effect can be illustrated by writing N in base-9.

42--41  48  32--31  38  24--23--22
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |       |
43  40  47  33  30  37  25  20--21      numbering_type => 'rotate-4'
 |       |   |       |   |                  N shown in base-9
44--45--46  34--35--36  26--27--28
                               
58--57--56   4---3---2  14--13--12
         |   |       |   |       |
51--50  55   5   0---1  15  10--11
 |       |   |           |     
52--53--54   6---7---8  16--17--18
                               
68--67--66  76--75--74  86--85--84
         |   |       |   |       |
61--60  65  77  70  73  87  80  83
 |       |   |   |   |   |   |   |
62--63--64  78  71--72  88  81--82

Parts 10-18 and 20-28 are the same as the middle 0-8. Parts 30-38 and 40-48 have a rotation by +90 degrees. Parts 50-58 and 60-68 rotation by +180 degrees, and so on.

Notice this means in each part the base-9 points 11, 21, 31, points are directed away from the middle in the same way, relative to the sub-part locations. This gives a reasonably simple way to characterize points on the boundary of a given expansion level.

Working through the directions and boundary sides gives a state machine for which unit squares are on the boundary. For level >= 1 a given unit square has one of both of two sides on the boundary.

   B
+-----+         
|     |            unit square with expansion direction,   
|     |->  A       one or both of sides A,B on the boundary    
|     |
+-----+

A further low base-9 digit expands the square to a block of 9, with squares then boundary or not. The result is 4 states, which can be expressed by pairs of digits

write N in base-9 using level many digits,
delete all 2s in 2nd or later digit
non-boundary =
  0 anywhere
  5 or 6 or 7 in 2nd or later digit
  pair 13,33,53,73, 14,34,54,74 anywhere
  pair 43,44, 81,88 at 2nd or later digit

Pairs 53,73,54,74 can be checked just at the start of the digits, since 5 or 7 anywhere later are non-boundary alone irrespective of what (if any) pair they might make.

Numbering Rotate 8

Parameter numbering_type => 'rotate-8' applies a rotation to 8 directions for each sub-part according to its position around the preceding level.

 ^       ^       ^
  \      |      /
   +---+---+---+
   | 4 | 3 | 2 |
   +---+---+---+
<--| 5 | 0>| 1 |-->
   +---+---+---+
   | 6 | 7 | 8 |
   +---+---+---+
  /      |      \
 v       v       v

The effect can be illustrated again by N in base-9.

41 48-47 32-31 38 23-22-21
 |\    |  |  |  |  |   /
42 40 46 33 30 37 24 20 28      numbering_type => 'rotate'
 |     |  |     |  |     |          N shown in base-9
43-44-45 34-35-36 25-26-27

58-57-56  4--3--2 14-13-12
       |  |     |  |     |
51-50 55  5  0--1 15 10-11
 |     |  |        |
52-53-54  6--7--8 16-17-18

67-66-65 76-75-74 85-84-83
 |     |  |     |  |     |
68 60 64 77 70 73 86 80 82
  /    |  |  |  |  |   \ |
61-62-63 78 71-72 87-88 81

Notice this means in each part the 11, 21, 31, etc, points are directed away from the middle in the same way, relative to the sub-part locations.

FUNCTIONS

See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.

$path = Math::PlanePath::SquareReplicate->new ()

Create and return a new path object.

($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)

Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path. Points begin at 0 and if $n < 0 then the return is an empty list.

Level Methods

($n_lo, $n_hi) = $path->level_to_n_range($level)

Return (0, 9**$level - 1).

SEE ALSO

Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::CornerReplicate, Math::PlanePath::LTiling, Math::PlanePath::GosperReplicate, Math::PlanePath::QuintetReplicate

HOME PAGE

http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html

LICENSE

Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Kevin Ryde

This file is part of Math-PlanePath.

Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version.

Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.