NAME

IOD - IOD (INI On Drugs) file format specification

SPECIFICATION VERSION

0.9

VERSION

This document describes version 0.9.12 of IOD (from Perl distribution IOD), released on 2017-08-17.

STATUS

Specification is still rather in flux. Backwards compatibility is not guaranteed between 0.9.x releases.

ABSTRACT

IOD (short for INI On Drugs) is a configuration file format that is mostly backward-compatible with the popular INI format. It adds a few extensions to make configuration more powerful but still lets the configuration parseable by a regular INI parser (albeit the parse result might differ, sometimes significantly so, but it can be exactly the same for simple cases). An implementation can turn off some or all of these extensions to make the configuration closer to a regular INI file.

IOD is meant to be a general configuration format for applications.

NOTATION

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

RATIONALE

A general configuration file format needs to be simple for computers as well as users to read and write. Users mostly need to write configuration, while computers need to read but increasingly nowadays also write to configuration (for automation tasks). INI is chosen as the basis format for several reasons: popularity, simplicity, and ease of round-trip parsing. These features satisfy the aforementioned requirements.

Popularity: INI format is popular on Windows as well as Unix. This makes it easy for new users to get started with the configuration.

Simplicity: INI format is simple and very straightforward. It is essentially assignments of key names and values, with sections.

Round-trip parsing: Round-trip parsing means preserving everything in the file through the parsing process, including comments and formatting (indentations, whitespaces). Most serialization format do not have round-trip parsers: after a read and write process, original formatting and comments are lost. Round-trip parsing means that if one loads an INI file, modifies a key value, and saves it again, everything that is not modified will still be the same (including whitespaces and comments). If no keys are modified, the saved file will be identical with the original.

Round-trip parsing is desirable in a configuration because oftentimes valuable information is contained in the formatting/indentation (grouping of keys) as well as comments (user explaining why she sets a key to a certain value, dates, other notes). Software modifying a configuration should not destroy all these.

INI vs ...

YAML. Although YAML looks nice and has many features, it lacks round-trip parsers and has complex rules that can trip beginners or non-programmers, e.g. significant indentation, significant whitespace in some places (for example after colon in mapping), etc. YAML 1.2 (2009) improves on some parts of this aspect but at the time of this writing (2017) many implementations are still stuck at version 1.0/1.1 of the specification.

JSON. Although JSON is popular and simple, most parsers are not round-trip. And even if the parser were round-trip, the format itself lacks some things that are desirable in a configuration, e.g. comments. (Note: The documentation for JSON Perl module mentions the phrase "round-trip", but it uses the phrase to mean integrity of values, not preserving comments/whitespaces.)

Note that IOD uses JSON in places.

Apache-webserver-style lacks round-trip parsers.

XML. Most parsers are not round-trip. The format is not convenient for humans to read and write.

Why not plain INI?

First, the INI format is ill-defined. There is no single standard, thus various implementations behave differently and there are various variants of the format. This specification intends to describe the IOD format more precisely.

Second, INI lacks some features that I like/need, like: variable substitution/expression, inclusion of other files, and merging between sections. Most of these features make writing configuration less repetitive.

SPECIFICATION

A configuration is a text file containing a sequence of lines. Encoding MUST be UTF-8. Each line is either a blank line, a comment line, a key line, a section line, or a directive line. Parsing is done line-by-line and in a single pass.

Blank line

A blank line is a line containing zero or more whitespaces only. It is ignored.

Comment line

A comment line begins with ; or # as it's first nonblank character (note that some INI parsers do not allow indented comment; some only recognizes ; as the comment starter character). The use of ; is preferred.

<ws>* ";"|"#" <COMMENT>

Examples:

; this is a comment
# this is also a comment

Key line

This line sets key name and value:

<ws>* <NAME> <ws>* "=" <ws>* <VALUE> [<ws>* ";"|"#" <COMMENT>]

NAME can contain anything but newline or the equal sign (=). VALUE is either: 1) zero or more non-newline characters with optional encoding prefix, or a JSON string with double quotes, or a JSON array started with "[", or a JSON hash (object) started with "{". Encoding prefix is ! followed by encoding name, followed by at least one space. Known encodings are: j or json, h or hex, base64, e or expr, path, paths, and none. See "Encoding" for more details about encoding.

Examples:

foo=bar
foo bar=baz
foo = bar baz ; whitespace around the equal sign will be removed
foo=!base64 YmFyIGJheg== ; bar baz
foo=!hex 00ff00 ; 3-byte binary data
foo="a JSON string\nwith newline" ; comment
foo=!j "a JSON string\nwith newline"
foo=["a json array", "because it's started", "with ["]
foo=!json [1,2,3]
foo={"a json hash":1, "because it's started":2, "with {":3}
foo=!json {"a":1,"b":2}
foo=~/logs              ; will become e.g. /home/ujang/logs
foo=~budi/Pictures      ; will become e.g. /home/budi/Pictures
foo="~/logs"            ; a JSON-encoded string with value "~/logs"
foo=!none [             ; a single open brace character

Specifying several keys with the same name will create an array value. Example:

a=1
a=2

will result in (in JSON):

{"a": [1,2]}

To specify expression, use the !e or !expr encoding. Example:

x=3
y=5
z=!e $x+$y ; 8

See "Expression" for more details on expressions.

Normally a key line should occur below section line, so that key belongs to the section. But a key line is also allowed before section line, in which it will belong to section called GLOBAL (configurable via the parser's default_section attribute).

Section line

A section line introduces a section:

<ws>* "[" <ws>* <NAME> <ws>* "]" [<ws>* ";"|"#" <COMMENT>]

NAME is one or more non-newline characters that are not ].

Examples:

[foo]
[Section Name]
[foo.bar.baz]  ; a comment

Non-contiguous sections are allowed, they will be assumed to be set/add keys as if the section were written contiguously, e.g.:

[sect1]
a=1

[sect2]
a=1

[sect1]
a=2
b=3

will result in sect1 containing a as [1, 2] and b as 3. However, note:

[sect1]
a=1

;!merge sect1
[sect2]
d=4

[sect1]
b=2

[sect3]
c=3

sect2 will contain {"a":1, "d":4} since at the point of parsing sect2, sect1 only contains {"a":1}. However, sect3 will contain {"a":1, "b":2, "c":3} since at the point of parsing sect3, sect1 already becomes {"a":1, "b":2}.

Directive line

A directive line is an unindented comment line using the ; comment character. The comment starts with an exclamation mark (!), a directive name (a word matching regular expression /\w+/, and zero or more arguments separated by whitespaces. Since it is a common error to write ! instead of :!, the parser can have a configuration to allow ; to become optional (though note that this will result in an invalid INI file).

(";")? <ws>* "!" <ws>* <NAME> <ws>+ [ARGUMENTS]

An invalid directive will cause parsing to fail.

Examples of valid directives:

;!include somefile.iod

This directive is invalid because it uses # instead of ;:

#!include blah

This directive is invalid because it is indented:

;start of line
  ;!include foo

This directive is invalid because of invalid directive name:

;!include! somefile.iod

This directive is invalid because it is unknown:

;!foo

This directive is invalid because of unbalanced quotes:

;!include "somefile.ini

This directive is invalid because of missing required argument:

;!include

Argument. An argument is a sequence of one or more non-whitespace, non-newline characters, or a JSON string. Examples:

word
argument2
yet-another-argument!
"argument as JSON string"
""
"line1\nline2"

Below is the list of known directives (<foo> signifies required arguments, [foo] signifies optional arguments):

!include <PATH>

Include another file, as if the content of the included file is the next lines in the current file. An included file might contain another !include directive. If PATH is not absolute, it is assumed to be relative to the current file. A circular include will cause the parser to die with an error. Example:

File dir1/a.ini:

[sectionA.sub1]
a=1
;!include ../dir2/b.ini
;!include ../dir2/b3.ini

File dir2/b.ini:

b=2
;!include b2.ini

File dir2/b2.ini:

c = 3
;!include b3.ini

File dir2/b3.ini:

c=4
[sectionB]
c=1

When dir1/a.ini is parsed, the result will be (in JSON):

{
  "sectionA": {
    "sub1": {
      "a": 1,
      "b": 2,
      "c": [3, 4]
    },
  },
  "sectionB": {
    "c": 1
  },
}

!merge [SECTION] ...

Specify that from now on (meaning, from the current section, not the next session), section will merge the specified section(s), in order. The specified sections to be merged must be predeclared. To stop merging, specify the directive without any argument.

Example:

[defaults]
d=4

[s1]
a=1
b=2

[s2]
!merge defaults s1
a=10
c=30

[s3]

[s4]
!merge
a=20

will result in (in pseudo-JSON):

{
  "defaults": {"d":4},
  "s1"      : {"a":1,  "b":2},
  "s2"      : {"a":10, "b":2, "c":30, "d":4},
  "s3"      : {"a":1,  "b":2,         "d":4},
  "s4"      : {"a":20}, // no more merging
}

!noop ...

Directive that does nothing and will be ignored. For testing.

Encoding

json (j)

JSON encoding.

This encoding will automatically be assumed when the value starts with " (double quote, signifying a JSON string), [ (opening brace parenthesis, signifying a JSON array), { (opening curly brace parenthesis, signifying a JSON hash (object).
hex (h)

Hex encoding, e.g.:
```
key = !hex 48
```
will set key to a literal H (ASCII code for H is 0x48). Another example:
```
key = !h 480a
```
will set key to "H\n" (a literal H followed by newline character).
base64

Base64 encoding, e.g.:
```
foo = !base64 YmFyIGJheg==
```
will set foo to bar baz.
expr (e)

Currently not specified.
path

EXPERIMENTAL. A literal string, except that ~ or ~USER prefix will be replaced with the home directory of current user, or specified user, respectively. An extra / suffix is also allowed for directory and will be stripped.

When an unknown user is specified, the parser should die.

For example:
```
log_dir = !path ~/logs
```
log_dir will be set to e.g /home/ujang/logs.

If the first character of the value is ~ (tilde), the path encoding is implicitly assumed unless there is an explicit encoding specification. So actually the previous example could just be written as:
```
log_dir = ~/logs
```
To prevent the translation of ~, you can use !none or double quote (JSON string):
```
log_dir = !none ~/logs
log_dir = "~/logs"
```
paths

EXPERIMENTAL. A literal string, except that like in !path ~ or USER prefix will be substituted with user home directory. In addition to that, wildcard characters like *, ? will be interpreted. Wildcard expansion is currently left to the implementation. The result will be an array of strings.

When wildcard does not match any file (e.g. !paths foo* where there are no files in the current directory that begins with foo), an empty array should be returned. When an unknown user or unknown path is given (e.g. !paths /var/zzz/* when there is no directory named /var/zzz/) or there is an error during expansion (e.g. !paths /root/a* when the current user does not have sufficient permission to look into /root), the parser should die.

Example:
```
dist_dirs = !paths ~/repos/perl-*
```
Without the !paths encoding, dist_dirs will be set to a literal string ~/repos/perl-* without the ~ translated and wildcard expanded. With the !paths encoding, dist_dirs will be set to an array of strings.

none

This explicitly turns off encoding and is useful when you want to disable implicit encoding detection. For example:

; error, unclosed JSON string
a = "

; ok, a single double-quote
b = !none "

; translated to current paths under user's home directory, e.g. "/home/ujang"
; and "/home/ujang/Pictures"
c = ~
d = ~/Pictures/

; literal "~" and "~/Pictures"
e = !none ~
f = !none ~/Pictures/

Expression

Currently expression is not fully defined and left to the implementation. The goal is to have a simple syntax that allows variable substitution using the $ syntax and some arithmetics/string operations.

Unsupported features

Some INI implementations support other features, and listed below are those unsupported by IOD, usually because the features are not popular or too incompatible with regular INI syntax:

Line continuation for multiline value
```
key=line 1 \
line 2\
line 3
```
Supported by Config::IniFiles. In IOD, use JSON string or encoding:
```
key="line 1 \nline 2\nline 3"
```
Heredoc syntax for array
```
key=<<EOT
value1
value2
EOT
```
Supported by Config::IniFiles. In IOD, use multiple assignment or JSON encoding:
```
key=value1
key=value2
```
or:
```
key=!j ["value1", "value2"]
```

GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATIONS

Implementation can provide options to turn off some features. In general, to make an IOD configuration file not context-dependent, a turned off feature should cause parsing to fail to notify users that certain features are not available. A turned off feature should not just silently makes parsing behave differently. For example, if file inclusion is turned off, this line:

!include somefile.ini

should make parsing fail instead of continuing (without including the file).

An exception is when an implementation provides explicit option to ignore certain features. For example, an implementation might provide an option to forbid expressions, or turn off expression parsing and parse it as literal.

Below are guidelines on what parsing options an implementation can provide:

whether certain encodings are recognized
whether expression is allowed
whether the !include directive is allowed
whether the !merge directive is allowed
whether discontiguous section is allowed

FAQ

Summary of differencess between INI and IOD?

IOD has more features:

various encoding for key values

Using the including base64 and variable substitution/expression.
merge between sections
include other files

Why are blank lines allowed in IOD?

They aid reading by human. This is in line with the goal of making it easy for human to read. Note that many INI parsers also allow blank lines.

What are the downsides of IOD format?

Currently only has Perl parser (Config::IOD, Config::IOD::Reader)

INI parsers exist everywhere though, so some of the time you can fallback to INI. Also, because the specification is simple, it is also relatively easy to write implementations in other languages. The default Perl implementations themselves are only about 400-600 lines (including blank lines, not counting POD).

HOMEPAGE

Please visit the project's homepage at https://metacpan.org/release/IOD.

SOURCE

Source repository is at https://github.com/sharyanto/perl-IOD.

BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests on the bugtracker website https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=IOD

When submitting a bug or request, please include a test-file or a patch to an existing test-file that illustrates the bug or desired feature.

AUTHOR

perlancar <perlancar@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.

To install IOD, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm IOD

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install IOD

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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NAME

SPECIFICATION VERSION

VERSION

STATUS

ABSTRACT

NOTATION

RATIONALE

INI vs ...

Why not plain INI?

SPECIFICATION

Blank line

Comment line

Key line

Section line

Directive line

!include <PATH>

!merge [SECTION] ...

!noop ...

Encoding

Expression

Unsupported features

GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATIONS

FAQ

Summary of differencess between INI and IOD?

Why are blank lines allowed in IOD?

What are the downsides of IOD format?

HOMEPAGE

SOURCE

BUGS

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Module Install Instructions