/ 
CDB_File-1.05
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/ CDB_File

NAME

CDB_File - Perl extension for access to cdb databases

SYNOPSIS

use CDB_File;
$c = tie(%h, 'CDB_File', 'file.cdb') or die "tie failed: $!\n";

# If accessing a utf8 stored CDB_File
$c = tie(%h, 'CDB_File', 'file.cdb', utf8 => 1) or die "tie failed: $!\n";

$fh = $c->handle;
sysseek $fh, $c->datapos, 0 or die ...;
sysread $fh, $x, $c->datalen;
undef $c;
untie %h;

$t = CDB_File->new('t.cdb', "t.$$") or die ...;
$t->insert('key', 'value');
$t->finish;

CDB_File::create %t, $file, "$file.$$";

or

use CDB_File 'create';
create %t, $file, "$file.$$";

# If you want to store the data in utf8 mode.
create %t, $file, "$file.$$", utf8 => 1;
=head1 DESCRIPTION

CDB_File is a module which provides a Perl interface to Dan Bernstein's cdb package:

cdb is a fast, reliable, lightweight package for creating and
reading constant databases.

Reading from a cdb

After the tie shown above, accesses to %h will refer to the cdb file file.cdb, as described in "tie" in perlfunc.

Low level access to the database is provided by the three methods handle, datapos, and datalen. To use them, you must remember the CDB_File object returned by the tie call: $c in the example above. The datapos and datalen methods return the file offset position and length respectively of the most recently visited key (for example, via exists).

Beware that if you create an extra reference to the CDB_File object (like $c in the example above) you must destroy it (with undef) before calling untie on the hash. This ensures that the object's DESTROY method is called. Note that perl -w will check this for you; see perltie for further details.

Creating a cdb

A cdb file is created in three steps. First call new CDB_File ($final, $tmp), where $final is the name of the database to be created, and $tmp is the name of a temporary file which can be atomically renamed to $final. Secondly, call the insert method once for each (key, value) pair. Finally, call the finish method to complete the creation and renaming of the cdb file.

Alternatively, call the insert() method with multiple key/value pairs. This can be significantly faster because there is less crossing over the bridge from perl to C code. One simple way to do this is to pass in an entire hash, as in: $cdbmaker->insert(%hash);.

A simpler interface to cdb file creation is provided by CDB_File::create %t, $final, $tmp. This creates a cdb file named $final containing the contents of %t. As before, $tmp must name a temporary file which can be atomically renamed to $final. CDB_File::create may be imported.

UTF8 support.

When CDB_File was created in 1997 (prior even to Perl 5.6), Perl SVs didn't really deal with UTF8. In order to properly store mixed bytes and utf8 data in the file, we would normally need to store a bit for each string which clarifies the encoding of the key / values. This would be useful since Perl hash keys are downgraded to bytes when possible so as to normalize the hash key access regardless of encoding.

The CDB_File format is used outside of Perl and so must maintain file format compatibility with those systems. As a result this module provides a utf8 mode which must be enabled at database generation and then later at read. Keys will always be stored as UTF8 strings which is the opposite of how Perl stores the strings. This approach had to be taken to assure no data corruption happened due to accidentally downgraded SVs before they are stored or on retrieval.

You can enable utf8 mode by passing utf8 => 1 to new, tie, or create. All returned SVs while in this mode will be encoded in utf8. This feature is not available below 5.14 due to lack of Perl macro support.

NOTE: read/write of databases not stored in utf8 mode will often be incompatible with any non-ascii data.

EXAMPLES

These are all complete programs.

1. Convert a Berkeley DB (B-tree) database to cdb format.

use CDB_File;
use DB_File;

tie %h, DB_File, $ARGV[0], O_RDONLY, undef, $DB_BTREE or
        die "$0: can't tie to $ARGV[0]: $!\n";

CDB_File::create %h, $ARGV[1], "$ARGV[1].$$" or
        die "$0: can't create cdb: $!\n";

2. Convert a flat file to cdb format. In this example, the flat file consists of one key per line, separated by a colon from the value. Blank lines and lines beginning with # are skipped.

use CDB_File;

$cdb = new CDB_File("data.cdb", "data.$$") or
        die "$0: new CDB_File failed: $!\n";
while (<>) {
        next if /^$/ or /^#/;
        chop;
        ($k, $v) = split /:/, $_, 2;
        if (defined $v) {
                $cdb->insert($k, $v);
        } else {
                warn "bogus line: $_\n";
        }
}
$cdb->finish or die "$0: CDB_File finish failed: $!\n";

3. Perl version of cdbdump.

use CDB_File;

tie %data, 'CDB_File', $ARGV[0] or
        die "$0: can't tie to $ARGV[0]: $!\n";
while (($k, $v) = each %data) {
        print '+', length $k, ',', length $v, ":$k->$v\n";
}
print "\n";

4. For really enormous data values, you can use handle, datapos, and datalen, in combination with sysseek and sysread, to avoid reading the values into memory. Here is the script bun-x.pl, which can extract uncompressed files and directories from a bun file.

use CDB_File;

sub unnetstrings {
    my($netstrings) = @_;
    my @result;
    while ($netstrings =~ s/^([0-9]+)://) {
            push @result, substr($netstrings, 0, $1, '');
            $netstrings =~ s/^,//;
    }
    return @result;
}

my $chunk = 8192;

sub extract {
    my($file, $t, $b) = @_;
    my $head = $$b{"H$file"};
    my ($code, $type) = $head =~ m/^([0-9]+)(.)/;
    if ($type eq "/") {
            mkdir $file, 0777;
    } elsif ($type eq "_") {
            my ($total, $now, $got, $x);
            open OUT, ">$file" or die "open for output: $!\n";
            exists $$b{"D$code"} or die "corrupt bun file\n";
            my $fh = $t->handle;
            sysseek $fh, $t->datapos, 0;
            $total = $t->datalen;
            while ($total) {
                    $now = ($total > $chunk) ? $chunk : $total;
                    $got = sysread $fh, $x, $now;
                    if (not $got) { die "read error\n"; }
                    $total -= $got;
                    print OUT $x;
            }
            close OUT;
    } else {
            print STDERR "warning: skipping unknown file type\n";
    }
}

die "usage\n" if @ARGV != 1;

my (%b, $t);
$t = tie %b, 'CDB_File', $ARGV[0] or die "tie: $!\n";
map { extract $_, $t, \%b } unnetstrings $b{""};

5. Although a cdb file is constant, you can simulate updating it in Perl. This is an expensive operation, as you have to create a new database, and copy into it everything that's unchanged from the old database. (As compensation, the update does not affect database readers. The old database is available for them, till the moment the new one is finished.)

use CDB_File;

$file = 'data.cdb';
$new = new CDB_File($file, "$file.$$") or
        die "$0: new CDB_File failed: $!\n";

# Add the new values; remember which keys we've seen.
while (<>) {
        chop;
        ($k, $v) = split;
        $new->insert($k, $v);
        $seen{$k} = 1;
}

# Add any old values that haven't been replaced.
tie %old, 'CDB_File', $file or die "$0: can't tie to $file: $!\n";
while (($k, $v) = each %old) {
        $new->insert($k, $v) unless $seen{$k};
}

$new->finish or die "$0: CDB_File finish failed: $!\n";

REPEATED KEYS

Most users can ignore this section.

A cdb file can contain repeated keys. If the insert method is called more than once with the same key during the creation of a cdb file, that key will be repeated.

Here's an example.

$cdb = new CDB_File ("$file.cdb", "$file.$$") or die ...;
$cdb->insert('cat', 'gato');
$cdb->insert('cat', 'chat');
$cdb->finish;

Normally, any attempt to access a key retrieves the first value stored under that key. This code snippet always prints gato.

$catref = tie %catalogue, CDB_File, "$file.cdb" or die ...;
print "$catalogue{cat}";

However, all the usual ways of iterating over a hash---keys, values, and each---do the Right Thing, even in the presence of repeated keys. This code snippet prints cat cat gato chat.

print join(' ', keys %catalogue, values %catalogue);

And these two both print cat:gato cat:chat, although the second is more efficient.

foreach $key (keys %catalogue) {
        print "$key:$catalogue{$key} ";
}

while (($key, $val) = each %catalogue) {
        print "$key:$val ";
}

The multi_get method retrieves all the values associated with a key. It returns a reference to an array containing all the values. This code prints gato chat.

print "@{$catref->multi_get('cat')}";

multi_get always returns an array reference. If the key was not found in the database, it will be a reference to an empty array. To test whether the key was found, you must test the array, and not the reference.

$x = $catref->multiget($key);
warn "$key not found\n" unless $x; # WRONG; message never printed
warn "$key not found\n" unless @$x; # Correct

The fetch_all method returns a hashref of all keys with the first value in the cdb. This is useful for quickly loading a cdb file where there is a 1:1 key mapping. In practice it proved to be about 400% faster then iterating a tied hash.

# Slow
my %copy = %tied_cdb;

# Much Faster
my $copy_hashref = $catref->fetch_all();

RETURN VALUES

The routines tie, new, and finish return undef if the attempted operation failed; $! contains the reason for failure.

DIAGNOSTICS

The following fatal errors may occur. (See "eval" in perlfunc if you want to trap them.)

Modification of a CDB_File attempted

You attempted to modify a hash tied to a CDB_File.

CDB database too large

You attempted to create a cdb file larger than 4 gigabytes.

[ Write to | Read of | Seek in ] CDB_File failed: <error string>

If error string is Protocol error, you tried to use CDB_File to access something that isn't a cdb file. Otherwise a serious OS level problem occurred, for example, you have run out of disk space.

PERFORMANCE

Sometimes you need to get the most performance possible out of a library. Rumour has it that perl's tie() interface is slow. In order to get around that you can use CDB_File in an object oriented fashion, rather than via tie().

my $cdb = CDB_File->TIEHASH('/path/to/cdbfile.cdb');

if ($cdb->EXISTS('key')) {
    print "Key is: ", $cdb->FETCH('key'), "\n";
}

For more information on the methods available on tied hashes see perltie.

THE ALGORITHM

This algorithm is described at http://cr.yp.to/cdb/cdb.txt It is small enough that it is included inline in the event that the internet loses the page:

A structure for constant databases

Copyright (c) 1996 D. J. Bernstein, djb@pobox.com

A cdb is an associative array: it maps strings ('keys'') to strings ('data'').

A cdb contains 256 pointers to linearly probed open hash tables. The hash tables contain pointers to (key,data) pairs. A cdb is stored in a single file on disk:

+----------------+---------+-------+-------+-----+---------+
| p0 p1 ... p255 | records | hash0 | hash1 | ... | hash255 |
+----------------+---------+-------+-------+-----+---------+

Each of the 256 initial pointers states a position and a length. The position is the starting byte position of the hash table. The length is the number of slots in the hash table.

Records are stored sequentially, without special alignment. A record states a key length, a data length, the key, and the data.

Each hash table slot states a hash value and a byte position. If the byte position is 0, the slot is empty. Otherwise, the slot points to a record whose key has that hash value.

Positions, lengths, and hash values are 32-bit quantities, stored in little-endian form in 4 bytes. Thus a cdb must fit into 4 gigabytes.

A record is located as follows. Compute the hash value of the key in the record. The hash value modulo 256 is the number of a hash table. The hash value divided by 256, modulo the length of that table, is a slot number. Probe that slot, the next higher slot, and so on, until you find the record or run into an empty slot.

The cdb hash function is h = ((h << 5) + h) ^ c, with a starting hash of 5381.

BUGS

The create() interface could be done with TIEHASH.

SEE ALSO

cdb(3)

AUTHOR

Tim Goodwin, <tjg@star.le.ac.uk>. CDB_File began on 1997-01-08.

Work provided through 2008 by Matt Sergeant, <matt@sergeant.org>

Now maintained by Todd Rinaldo, <toddr@cpan.org>