/ 
Math-PlanePath-127
River stage one • 3 direct dependents • 4 total dependents
/ Math::PlanePath::HilbertSides

NAME

Math::PlanePath::HilbertSides -- sides of Hilbert curve squares

SYNOPSIS

use Math::PlanePath::HilbertSides;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::HilbertSides->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);

DESCRIPTION

This path is segments along the sides of the Hilbert curve squares as per

    F. M. Dekking, "Recurrent Sets", Advances in Mathematics, volume 44, 1982, pages 79-104, section 4.8 "Hilbert Curve"

The base pattern is N=0 to N=4. That pattern repeats transposed as points N=0,4,8,12,16, etc.

  9 | ...
    |  |
  8 | 64----63          49----48          44----43
    |        |           |     |           |     |
  7 |       62          50    47----46----45    42
    |        |           |                       |
  6 | 60----61    56    51----52          40---39,41
    |  |           |           |                 |
  5 | 59----58---57,55--54---53,33--34----35    38
    |                          |           |     |
  4 |                         32        36,28--37,27
    |                          |           |     |
  3 |  5-----6----7,9---10---11,31--30----29    26
    |  |           |           |                 |
  2 |  4-----3     8    13----12          24---23,25
    |        |           |                       |
  1 |        2          14    17----18----19    22
    |        |           |     |           |     |
Y=0 |  0-----1          15----16          20----21
    +-------------------------------------------------
      X=0    1     2     3     4     5     6     7

If each point of the HilbertCurve path is taken to be a unit square the effect here is to go along the sides of those squares.

 -------3.       .
    v   |
        |>
        |
        2        .
        |
        |>
    ^   |
0-------1        .

Some points are visited twice. The first is at X=2,Y=3 which is N=7 and N=9 where the two consecutive segments N=7to8 and N=8to9 overlap. Non-consecutive segments can overlap too, as for example N=27to28 and N=36to37 overlap. Double-visited points occur also as corners touching, for example at X=4,Y=3 the two N=11 N=31 touch without overlapping segments.

The Hilbert curve squares fall within 2^k x 2^k blocks and so likewise the segments here. The right side 1 to 2 and 2 to 3 don't touch the 2^k side. This is so of the base figure N=0 to N=4 which doesn't touch X=2 and higher levels are unrotated replications so for example in the N=0 to N=64 shown above X=8 is not touched. This creates rectangular columns up from the X axis. Likewise rectangular rows across from the Y axis, and both columns and rows inside.

The sides which are N=0 to N=1 and N=3 to N=4 of the base pattern variously touch in higher levels giving interesting patterns of squares, shapes, notches, etc.

FUNCTIONS

See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for the behaviour common to all path classes.

$path = Math::PlanePath::HilbertSides->new ()

Create and return a new path object.

($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)

Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path. Points begin at 0 and if $n < 0 then the return is an empty list.

$n = $path->xy_to_n ($x,$y)

Return the point number for coordinates $x,$y. If there's nothing at $x,$y then return undef.

The curve visits an $x,$y twice for various points. The smaller of the two N values is returned.

@n_list = $path->xy_to_n_list ($x,$y)

Return a list of N point numbers for coordinates $x,$y. Points may have up to two Ns for a given $x,$y.

FORMULAS

Coordinates

Difference X-Y is the same here as in the HilbertCurve. The base pattern here has N=3 at 1,2 whereas the HilbertCurve is 0,1 so X-Y is the same. The two then have the same pattern of rotate 180 and/or transpose in subsequent replications.

                  3
                  |
HilbertSides      2         3----2    HilbertCurve
                  |              |
             0----1         0----1

Abs dX,dY

abs(dY) is 1 for a vertical segment and 0 for a horizontal segment. For the curve here it is

abs(dY) = count 1-bits of N, mod 2 = Thue-Morse binary parity
abs(dX) = 1 - abs(dY)              = opposite

This is so for the base pattern N=0,1,2, and also at N=3 turning towards N=4. Replication parts 1 and 2 are transposes where there is a single extra 1-bit in N and dX,dY are swapped. Replication part 3 is a 180 degree rotation where there are two extra 1-bits in N and dX,dY are negated so abs(dX),abs(dY) unchanged.

Turn

The path can turn left or right or go forward straight or 180 degree reverse. Straight,reverse vs left,right is given by

N num trailing 0 bits               turn
---------------------      -----------------------
      odd                  straight or 180 reverse     (A096268)
      even                 left or right               (A035263)

The path goes straight ahead at 2 and reverses 180 at 8 and all subsequent 2*4^k.

Segments on Axes

The number of line segments on the X and Y axes 0 to 2^k, which is N=0 to 4^k, is

Xsegs[k] = 1/3*2^k + 1/2 + 1/6*(-1)^k
         = 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, 43, 86             (A005578)
         = Ysegs[k] + 1

Ysegs[k] = 1/3*2^k - 1/2 + 1/6*(-1)^k
         = 0, 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 21, 42, 85,...         (A000975)
         = binary 101010...   k-1 many bits alternating

These counts can be calculated from the curve sub-parts

  k odd              k even

+---+   .          .   .   .
  R |>T              T   T
.   .   .          +---+---+
    |>T            |>    R<|
o---+   .          o   .   +

The block at the origin is X and Y segments of the k-1 level. For k odd the X axis then has a transposed block which means the Y segments of k-1. The Y axis has a 180 degree rotated block R. The curve is symmetric in mirror image across its start to end so the count of segments it puts on the Y axis is the same as Y of level k-1.

Xsegs[k] = Xsegs[k-1] +   Ysegs[k-1]       for k odd
Ysegs[k] =              2*Ysegs[k-1]

Then similarly for k even, but the other way around the 2*Y.

Xsegs[k] = 2*Xsegs[k-1]                    for k even
Ysegs[k] =   Xsegs[k-1] + Ysegs[k-1]

OEIS

Entries in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences related to this path include

A059285    X-Y
A010059    abs(dX), 1 - Thue-Morse binary parity
A010060    abs(dY), Thue-Morse binary parity

A096268    turn 1=straight or reverse, 0=left or right
A035263    turn 0=straight or reverse, 1=left or right

A062880    N values on diagonal X=Y (digits 0,2 in base 4)

A005578    count segments on X axis, level k
A000975    count segments on Y axis, level k

SEE ALSO

Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::HilbertCurve

HOME PAGE

http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html

LICENSE

Copyright 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Kevin Ryde

This file is part of Math-PlanePath.

Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later version.

Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.