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HTML-Tree-5.07
River stage three • 172 direct dependents • 974 total dependents
/ HTML::Element::traverse

NAME

HTML::Element::traverse - discussion of HTML::Element's traverse method

VERSION

This document describes version 5.07 of HTML::Element::traverse, released August 31, 2017 as part of HTML-Tree.

SYNOPSIS

# $element->traverse is unnecessary and obscure.
#   Don't use it in new code.

DESCRIPTION

HTML::Element provides a method traverse that traverses the tree and calls user-specified callbacks for each node, in pre- or post-order. However, use of the method is quite superfluous: if you want to recursively visit every node in the tree, it's almost always simpler to write a subroutine does just that, than it is to bundle up the pre- and/or post-order code in callbacks for the traverse method.

EXAMPLES

Suppose you want to traverse at/under a node $tree and give elements an 'id' attribute unless they already have one.

You can use the traverse method:

{
  my $counter = 'x0000';
  $start_node->traverse(
    [ # Callbacks;
      # pre-order callback:
      sub {
        my $x = $_[0];
        $x->attr('id', $counter++) unless defined $x->attr('id');
        return HTML::Element::OK; # keep traversing
      },
      # post-order callback:
      undef
    ],
    1, # don't call the callbacks for text nodes
  );
}

or you can just be simple and clear (and not have to understand the calling format for traverse) by writing a sub that traverses the tree by just calling itself:

{
  my $counter = 'x0000';
  sub give_id {
    my $x = $_[0];
    $x->attr('id', $counter++) unless defined $x->attr('id');
    foreach my $c ($x->content_list) {
      give_id($c) if ref $c; # ignore text nodes
    }
  };
  give_id($start_node);
}

See, isn't that nice and clear?

But, if you really need to know:

THE TRAVERSE METHOD

The traverse() method is a general object-method for traversing a tree or subtree and calling user-specified callbacks. It accepts the following syntaxes:

$h->traverse(\&callback)
or $h->traverse(\&callback, $ignore_text)
or $h->traverse( [\&pre_callback,\&post_callback] , $ignore_text)

These all mean to traverse the element and all of its children. That is, this method starts at node $h, "pre-order visits" $h, traverses its children, and then will "post-order visit" $h. "Visiting" means that the callback routine is called, with these arguments:

$_[0] : the node (element or text segment),
$_[1] : a startflag, and
$_[2] : the depth

If the $ignore_text parameter is given and true, then the pre-order call will not be happen for text content.

The startflag is 1 when we enter a node (i.e., in pre-order calls) and 0 when we leave the node (in post-order calls).

Note, however, that post-order calls don't happen for nodes that are text segments or are elements that are prototypically empty (like "br", "hr", etc.).

If we visit text nodes (i.e., unless $ignore_text is given and true), then when text nodes are visited, we will also pass two extra arguments to the callback:

$_[3] : the element that's the parent
         of this text node
$_[4] : the index of this text node
         in its parent's content list

Note that you can specify that the pre-order routine can be a different routine from the post-order one:

$h->traverse( [\&pre_callback,\&post_callback], ...);

You can also specify that no post-order calls are to be made, by providing a false value as the post-order routine:

$h->traverse([ \&pre_callback,0 ], ...);

And similarly for suppressing pre-order callbacks:

$h->traverse([ 0,\&post_callback ], ...);

Note that these two syntaxes specify the same operation:

$h->traverse([\&foo,\&foo], ...);
$h->traverse( \&foo       , ...);

The return values from calls to your pre- or post-order routines are significant, and are used to control recursion into the tree.

These are the values you can return, listed in descending order of my estimation of their usefulness:

HTML::Element::OK, 1, or any other true value

...to keep on traversing.

Note that HTML::Element::OK et al are constants. So if you're running under use strict (as I hope you are), and you say: return HTML::Element::PRUEN the compiler will flag this as an error (an unallowable bareword, specifically), whereas if you spell PRUNE correctly, the compiler will not complain.

undef, 0, '0', '', or HTML::Element::PRUNE

...to block traversing under the current element's content. (This is ignored if received from a post-order callback, since by then the recursion has already happened.) If this is returned by a pre-order callback, no post-order callback for the current node will happen. (Recall that if your callback exits with just return;, it is returning undef -- at least in scalar context, and traverse always calls your callbacks in scalar context.)

HTML::Element::ABORT

...to abort the whole traversal immediately. This is often useful when you're looking for just the first node in the tree that meets some criterion of yours.

HTML::Element::PRUNE_UP

...to abort continued traversal into this node and its parent node. No post-order callback for the current or parent node will happen.

HTML::Element::PRUNE_SOFTLY

Like PRUNE, except that the post-order call for the current node is not blocked.

Almost every task to do with extracting information from a tree can be expressed in terms of traverse operations (usually in only one pass, and usually paying attention to only pre-order, or to only post-order), or operations based on traversing. (In fact, many of the other methods in this class are basically calls to traverse() with particular arguments.)

The source code for HTML::Element and HTML::TreeBuilder contain several examples of the use of the "traverse" method to gather information about the content of trees and subtrees.

(Note: you should not change the structure of a tree while you are traversing it.)

[End of documentation for the traverse() method]

Traversing with Recursive Anonymous Routines

Now, if you've been reading Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs too much, maybe you even want a recursive lambda. Go ahead:

{
  my $counter = 'x0000';
  my $give_id;
  $give_id = sub {
    my $x = $_[0];
    $x->attr('id', $counter++) unless defined $x->attr('id');
    foreach my $c ($x->content_list) {
      $give_id->($c) if ref $c; # ignore text nodes
    }
  };
  $give_id->($start_node);
  undef $give_id;
}

It's a bit nutty, and it's still more concise than a call to the traverse method!

It is left as an exercise to the reader to figure out how to do the same thing without using a $give_id symbol at all.

It is also left as an exercise to the reader to figure out why I undefine $give_id, above; and why I could achieved the same effect with any of:

 $give_id = 'I like pie!';
# or...
 $give_id = [];
# or even;
 $give_id = sub { print "Mmmm pie!\n" };

But not:

 $give_id = sub { print "I'm $give_id and I like pie!\n" };
# nor...
 $give_id = \$give_id;
# nor...
 $give_id = { 'pie' => \$give_id, 'mode' => 'a la' };

Doing Recursive Things Iteratively

Note that you may at times see an iterative implementation of pre-order traversal, like so:

{
  my @to_do = ($tree); # start-node
  while(@to_do) {
    my $this = shift @to_do;

    # "Visit" the node:
    $this->attr('id', $counter++)
     unless defined $this->attr('id');

    unshift @to_do, grep ref $_, $this->content_list;
     # Put children on the stack -- they'll be visited next
  }
}

This can under certain circumstances be more efficient than just a normal recursive routine, but at the cost of being rather obscure. It gains efficiency by avoiding the overhead of function-calling, but since there are several method dispatches however you do it (to attr and content_list), the overhead for a simple function call is insignificant.

Pruning and Whatnot

The traverse method does have the fairly neat features of the ABORT, PRUNE_UP and PRUNE_SOFTLY signals. None of these can be implemented totally straightforwardly with recursive routines, but it is quite possible. ABORT-like behavior can be implemented either with using non-local returning with eval/die:

my $died_on; # if you need to know where...
sub thing {
  ... visits $_[0]...
  ... maybe set $died_on to $_[0] and die "ABORT_TRAV" ...
  ... else call thing($child) for each child...
  ...any post-order visiting $_[0]...
}
eval { thing($node) };
if($@) {
  if($@ =~ m<^ABORT_TRAV>) {
    ...it died (aborted) on $died_on...
  } else {
    die $@; # some REAL error happened
  }
}

or you can just do it with flags:

my($abort_flag, $died_on);
sub thing {
  ... visits $_[0]...
  ... maybe set $abort_flag = 1; $died_on = $_[0]; return;
  foreach my $c ($_[0]->content_list) {
    thing($c);
    return if $abort_flag;
  }
  ...any post-order visiting $_[0]...
  return;
}

$abort_flag = $died_on = undef;
thing($node);
...if defined $abort_flag, it died on $died_on

SEE ALSO

HTML::Element

AUTHOR

Current maintainers:

  • Christopher J. Madsen <perl AT cjmweb.net>

  • Jeff Fearn <jfearn AT cpan.org>

Original HTML-Tree author:

  • Gisle Aas

Former maintainers:

  • Sean M. Burke

  • Andy Lester

  • Pete Krawczyk <petek AT cpan.org>

You can follow or contribute to HTML-Tree's development at https://github.com/kentfredric/HTML-Tree.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2000,2001 Sean M. Burke