/ 
DBD-SQLite-Amalgamation-3.6.1.2
River stage zero No dependents
/ DBD::SQLite

NAME

DBD::SQLite - Self Contained RDBMS in a DBI Driver

SYNOPSIS

use DBI;
my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:SQLite:dbname=dbfile","","");

DESCRIPTION

SQLite is a public domain RDBMS database engine that you can find at http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/.

Rather than ask you to install SQLite first, because SQLite is public domain, DBD::SQLite includes the entire thing in the distribution. So in order to get a fast transaction capable RDBMS working for your perl project you simply have to install this module, and nothing else.

SQLite supports the following features:

Implements a large subset of SQL92

See http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/lang.html for details.

A complete DB in a single disk file

Everything for your database is stored in a single disk file, making it easier to move things around than with DBD::CSV.

Atomic commit and rollback

Yes, DBD::SQLite is small and light, but it supports full transactions!

Extensible

User-defined aggregate or regular functions can be registered with the SQL parser.

There's lots more to it, so please refer to the docs on the SQLite web page, listed above, for SQL details. Also refer to DBI for details on how to use DBI itself.

CONFORMANCE WITH DBI SPECIFICATION

The API works like every DBI module does. Please see DBI for more details about core features.

Currently many statement attributes are not implemented or are limited by the typeless nature of the SQLite database.

DRIVER PRIVATE ATTRIBUTES

Database Handle Attributes

sqlite_version

Returns the version of the SQLite library which DBD::SQLite is using, e.g., "2.8.0". Can only be read.

unicode

If set to a true value, DBD::SQLite will turn the UTF-8 flag on for all text strings coming out of the database. For more details on the UTF-8 flag see perlunicode. The default is for the UTF-8 flag to be turned off.

Also note that due to some bizareness in SQLite's type system (see http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html), if you want to retain blob-style behavior for some columns under $dbh->{unicode} = 1 (say, to store images in the database), you have to state so explicitely using the 3-argument form of "bind_param" in DBI when doing updates:

use DBI qw(:sql_types);
$dbh->{unicode} = 1;
my $sth = $dbh->prepare
     ("INSERT INTO mytable (blobcolumn) VALUES (?)");
$sth->bind_param(1, $binary_data, SQL_BLOB); # binary_data will
# be stored as-is.

Defining the column type as BLOB in the DDL is not sufficient.

DRIVER PRIVATE METHODS

$dbh->func('last_insert_rowid')

This method returns the last inserted rowid. If you specify an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY as the first column in your table, that is the column that is returned. Otherwise, it is the hidden ROWID column. See the sqlite docs for details.

Note: You can now use $dbh->last_insert_id() if you have a recent version of DBI.

$dbh->func( 'busy_timeout' )

Retrieve the current busy timeout.

$dbh->func( $ms, 'busy_timeout' )

Set the current busy timeout. The timeout is in milliseconds.

$dbh->func( $name, $argc, $func_ref, "create_function" )

This method will register a new function which will be useable in SQL query. The method's parameters are:

$name

The name of the function. This is the name of the function as it will be used from SQL.

$argc

The number of arguments taken by the function. If this number is -1, the function can take any number of arguments.

$func_ref

This should be a reference to the function's implementation.

For example, here is how to define a now() function which returns the current number of seconds since the epoch:

$dbh->func( 'now', 0, sub { return time }, 'create_function' );

After this, it could be use from SQL as:

INSERT INTO mytable ( now() );

$dbh->func( $name, $argc, $pkg, 'create_aggregate' )

This method will register a new aggregate function which can then used from SQL. The method's parameters are:

$name

The name of the aggregate function, this is the name under which the function will be available from SQL.

$argc

This is an integer which tells the SQL parser how many arguments the function takes. If that number is -1, the function can take any number of arguments.

$pkg

This is the package which implements the aggregator interface.

The aggregator interface consists of defining three methods:

new()

This method will be called once to create an object which should be used to aggregate the rows in a particular group. The step() and finalize() methods will be called upon the reference return by the method.

step(@_)

This method will be called once for each rows in the aggregate.

finalize()

This method will be called once all rows in the aggregate were processed and it should return the aggregate function's result. When there is no rows in the aggregate, finalize() will be called right after new().

Here is a simple aggregate function which returns the variance (example adapted from pysqlite):

package variance;

sub new { bless [], shift; }

sub step {
    my ( $self, $value ) = @_;

    push @$self, $value;
}

sub finalize {
    my $self = $_[0];

    my $n = @$self;

    # Variance is NULL unless there is more than one row
    return undef unless $n || $n == 1;

    my $mu = 0;
    foreach my $v ( @$self ) {
        $mu += $v;
    }
    $mu /= $n;

    my $sigma = 0;
    foreach my $v ( @$self ) {
        $sigma += ($x - $mu)**2;
    }
    $sigma = $sigma / ($n - 1);

    return $sigma;
}

$dbh->func( "variance", 1, 'variance', "create_aggregate" );

The aggregate function can then be used as:

SELECT group_name, variance(score) FROM results
GROUP BY group_name;

$dbh->func( $name, $func_ref, 'create_collation' )

This method will register a new collation function which can then be used from COLLATE clauses within SQL. The method's parameters are:

$name

The name of the collation; this is the name under which the collation will be available from SQL.

$func_ref

This should be a reference to the collation's implementation. The application defined collation routine should return negative, zero or positive if the first string is less than, equal to, or greater than the second string. i.e. (STRING1 - STRING2).

Collations binary and nocase are builtin within Sqlite. Collations perl and perllocale are builtin within the DBD::SQLite driver, and correspond to the Perl cmp operator with or without the locale pragma; so you can write for example

CREATE TABLE foo(txt1 COLLATE perl,
                 txt2 COLLATE perllocale,
                 txt3 COLLATE nocase)

If the attribute $dbh->{unicode} is set, strings coming from the database and passed to the collation function will be properly tagged with the utf8 flag; but this only works if the unicode attribute is set before the call to create_collation. The recommended way to activate unicode is to set the parameter at connection time :

my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:SQLite:dbname=foo", "", "", 
                        { RaiseError => 1,
                          unicode    => 1} );

$dbh->func( $n_opcodes, $handler, 'progress_handler' )

This method registers a handler to be invoked periodically during long running calls to SQLite. An example use for this interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query. The parameters are:

$n_opcodes

The progress handler is invoked once for every $n_opcodes virtual machine opcodes in SQLite.

$handler

Reference to the handler subroutine. If the progress handler returns non-zero, the SQLite operation is interrupted. This feature can be used to implement a "Cancel" button on a GUI dialog box.

Set this argument to undef if you want to unregister a previous progress handler.

BLOBS

As of version 1.11, blobs should "just work" in SQLite as text columns. However this will cause the data to be treated as a string, so SQL statements such as length(x) will return the length of the column as a NUL terminated string, rather than the size of the blob in bytes. In order to store natively as a BLOB use the following code:

use DBI qw(:sql_types);
my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:sqlite:/path/to/db");

my $blob = `cat foo.jpg`;
my $sth = $dbh->prepare("INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (1, ?)");
$sth->bind_param(1, $blob, SQL_BLOB);
$sth->execute();

And then retreival just works:

$sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT * FROM mytable WHERE id = 1");
$sth->execute();
my $row = $sth->fetch;
my $blobo = $row->[1];

# now $blobo == $blob

NOTES

To access the database from the command line, try using dbish which comes with the DBI module. Just type:

dbish dbi:SQLite:foo.db

On the command line to access the file foo.db.

Alternatively you can install SQLite from the link above without conflicting with DBD::SQLite and use the supplied sqlite command line tool.

PERFORMANCE

SQLite is fast, very fast. I recently processed my 72MB log file with it, inserting the data (400,000+ rows) by using transactions and only committing every 1000 rows (otherwise the insertion is quite slow), and then performing queries on the data.

Queries like count(*) and avg(bytes) took fractions of a second to return, but what surprised me most of all was:

SELECT url, count(*) as count FROM access_log
  GROUP BY url
  ORDER BY count desc
  LIMIT 20

To discover the top 20 hit URLs on the site (http://axkit.org), and it returned within 2 seconds. I'm seriously considering switching my log analysis code to use this little speed demon!

Oh yeah, and that was with no indexes on the table, on a 400MHz PIII.

For best performance be sure to tune your hdparm settings if you are using linux. Also you might want to set:

PRAGMA default_synchronous = OFF

Which will prevent sqlite from doing fsync's when writing (which slows down non-transactional writes significantly) at the expense of some peace of mind. Also try playing with the cache_size pragma.

BUGS

Likely to be many, please use http://rt.cpan.org/ for reporting bugs.

AUTHOR

Matt Sergeant, matt@sergeant.org

Perl extension functions contributed by Francis J. Lacoste <flacoste@logreport.org>, Wolfgang Sourdeau <wolfgang@logreport.org> and Laurent Dami <dami@cpan.org>.

SEE ALSO

DBI.