/ 
Perl-Tidy-20240903
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/ Perl::Tidy

NAME

Perl::Tidy - Parses and beautifies perl source

SYNOPSIS

use Perl::Tidy;

my $error_flag = Perl::Tidy::perltidy(
    source            => $source,
    destination       => $destination,
    stderr            => $stderr,
    argv              => $argv,
    perltidyrc        => $perltidyrc,
    logfile           => $logfile,
    errorfile         => $errorfile,
    teefile           => $teefile,
    debugfile         => $debugfile,
    formatter         => $formatter,           # callback object (see below)
    dump_options      => $dump_options,
    dump_options_type => $dump_options_type,
    prefilter         => $prefilter_coderef,
    postfilter        => $postfilter_coderef,
);

DESCRIPTION

This module makes the functionality of the perltidy utility available to perl scripts. Any or all of the input parameters may be omitted, in which case the @ARGV array will be used to provide input parameters as described in the perltidy(1) man page.

For example, the perltidy script is basically just this:

use Perl::Tidy;
Perl::Tidy::perltidy();

The call to perltidy returns a scalar $error_flag which is TRUE if an error caused premature termination, and FALSE if the process ran to normal completion. Additional discuss of errors is contained below in the ERROR HANDLING section.

The module accepts input and output streams by a variety of methods. The following list of parameters may be any of the following: a filename, an ARRAY reference, a SCALAR reference, or an object with either a getline or print method, as appropriate.

source            - the source of the script to be formatted
destination       - the destination of the formatted output
stderr            - standard error output
perltidyrc        - the .perltidyrc file
logfile           - the .LOG file stream, if any
errorfile         - the .ERR file stream, if any
dump_options      - ref to a hash to receive parameters (see below),
dump_options_type - controls contents of dump_options
dump_getopt_flags - ref to a hash to receive Getopt flags
dump_options_category - ref to a hash giving category of options
dump_abbreviations    - ref to a hash giving all abbreviations

The following chart illustrates the logic used to decide how to treat a parameter.

ref($param)  $param is assumed to be:
-----------  ---------------------
undef        a filename
SCALAR       ref to string
ARRAY        ref to array
(other)      object with getline (if source) or print method

If the parameter is an object, and the object has a close method, that close method will be called at the end of the stream.

source

If the source parameter is given, it defines the source of the input stream. If an input stream is defined with the source parameter then no other source filenames may be specified in the @ARGV array or argv parameter.

destination

If the destination parameter is given, it will be used to define the file or memory location to receive output of perltidy.

Important note if destination is a string or array reference. Perl strings of characters which are decoded as utf8 by Perl::Tidy can be returned in either of two possible states, decoded or encoded, and it is important that the calling program and Perl::Tidy are in agreement regarding the state to be returned. A flag --encode-output-strings, or simply -eos, was added in Perl::Tidy version 20220217 for this purpose.

  • Use -eos if Perl::Tidy should encode any string which it decodes. This is the current default because it makes perltidy behave well as a filter, and is the correct setting for most programs. But do not use this setting if the calling program will encode the data too, because double encoding will corrupt data.

  • Use -neos if a string should remain decoded if it was decoded by Perl::Tidy. This is only appropriate if the calling program will handle any needed encoding before outputting the string. If needed, this flag can be added to the end of the argv parameter passed to Perl::Tidy.

For some background information see https://github.com/perltidy/perltidy/blob/master/docs/eos_flag.md.

This change in default behavior was made over a period of time as follows:

  • For versions before 20220217 the -eos flag was not available and the behavior was equivalent to -neos.

  • In version 20220217 the -eos flag was added but the default remained -neos.

  • For versions after 20220217 the default was set to -eos.

stderr

The stderr parameter allows the calling program to redirect the stream that would otherwise go to the standard error output device to any of the stream types listed above. This stream contains important warnings and errors related to the parameters passed to perltidy.

perltidyrc

If the perltidyrc file is given, it will be used instead of any .perltidyrc configuration file that would otherwise be used.

errorfile

The errorfile parameter allows the calling program to capture the stream that would otherwise go to either a .ERR file. This stream contains warnings or errors related to the contents of one source file or stream.

The reason that this is different from the stderr stream is that when perltidy is called to process multiple files there will be up to one .ERR file created for each file and it would be very confusing if they were combined.

However if perltidy is called to process just a single perl script then it may be more convenient to combine the errorfile stream with the stderr stream. This can be done by setting the -se parameter, in which case this parameter is ignored.

logfile

The logfile parameter allows the calling program to capture the log stream. This stream is only created if requested with a -g parameter. It contains detailed diagnostic information about a script which may be useful for debugging.

teefile

The teefile parameter allows the calling program to capture the tee stream. This stream is only created if requested with one of the 'tee' parameters, a --tee-pod , --tee-block-comments, --tee-side-commnts, or --tee-all-comments.

debugfile

The debugfile parameter allows the calling program to capture the stream produced by the --DEBUG parameter. This parameter is mainly used for debugging perltidy itself.

argv

If the argv parameter is given, it will be used instead of the @ARGV array. The argv parameter may be a string, a reference to a string, or a reference to an array. If it is a string or reference to a string, it will be parsed into an array of items just as if it were a command line string.

dump_options

If the dump_options parameter is given, it must be the reference to a hash. In this case, the parameters contained in any perltidyrc configuration file will be placed in this hash and perltidy will return immediately. This is equivalent to running perltidy with --dump-options, except that the parameters are returned in a hash rather than dumped to standard output. Also, by default only the parameters in the perltidyrc file are returned, but this can be changed (see the next parameter). This parameter provides a convenient method for external programs to read a perltidyrc file. An example program using this feature, perltidyrc_dump.pl, is included in the distribution.

Any combination of the dump_ parameters may be used together.

dump_options_type

This parameter is a string which can be used to control the parameters placed in the hash reference supplied by dump_options. The possible values are 'perltidyrc' (default) and 'full'. The 'full' parameter causes both the default options plus any options found in a perltidyrc file to be returned.

dump_getopt_flags

If the dump_getopt_flags parameter is given, it must be the reference to a hash. This hash will receive all of the parameters that perltidy understands and flags that are passed to Getopt::Long. This parameter may be used alone or with the dump_options flag. Perltidy will exit immediately after filling this hash. See the demo program perltidyrc_dump.pl for example usage.

dump_options_category

If the dump_options_category parameter is given, it must be the reference to a hash. This hash will receive a hash with keys equal to all long parameter names and values equal to the title of the corresponding section of the perltidy manual. See the demo program perltidyrc_dump.pl for example usage.

dump_abbreviations

If the dump_abbreviations parameter is given, it must be the reference to a hash. This hash will receive all abbreviations used by Perl::Tidy. See the demo program perltidyrc_dump.pl for example usage.

prefilter

A code reference that will be applied to the source before tidying. It is expected to take the full content as a string in its input, and output the transformed content.

postfilter

A code reference that will be applied to the tidied result before outputting. It is expected to take the full content as a string in its input, and output the transformed content.

Note: A convenient way to check the function of your custom prefilter and postfilter code is to use the --notidy option, first with just the prefilter and then with both the prefilter and postfilter. See also the file filter_example.pl in the perltidy distribution.

ERROR HANDLING

An exit value of 0, 1, or 2 is returned by perltidy to indicate the status of the result.

A exit value of 0 indicates that perltidy ran to completion with no error messages.

An exit value of 1 indicates that the process had to be terminated early due to errors in the input parameters. This can happen for example if a parameter is misspelled or given an invalid value. The calling program should check for this flag because if it is set the destination stream will be empty or incomplete and should be ignored. Error messages in the stderr stream will indicate the cause of any problem.

An exit value of 2 indicates that perltidy ran to completion but there are warning messages in the stderr stream related to parameter errors or conflicts and/or warning messages in the errorfile stream relating to possible syntax errors in the source code being tidied.

In the event of a catastrophic error for which recovery is not possible perltidy terminates by making calls to croak or confess to help the programmer localize the problem. These should normally only occur during program development.

NOTES ON FORMATTING PARAMETERS

Parameters which control formatting may be passed in several ways: in a .perltidyrc configuration file, in the perltidyrc parameter, and in the argv parameter.

If the -pbp style is used it will typically be necessary to also specify a -nst flag. This is necessary to turn off the -st flag contained in the -pbp parameter set which otherwise would direct the output stream to the standard output.

EXAMPLES

The following example uses string references to hold the input and output code and error streams, and illustrates checking for errors.

use Perl::Tidy;

my $source_string = <<'EOT';
my$error=Perl::Tidy::perltidy(argv=>$argv,source=>\$source_string,
  destination=>\$dest_string,stderr=>\$stderr_string,
errorfile=>\$errorfile_string,);
EOT

my $dest_string;
my $stderr_string;
my $errorfile_string;
my $argv = "-npro";   # Ignore any .perltidyrc at this site
$argv .= " -pbp";     # Format according to perl best practices
$argv .= " -nst";     # Must turn off -st in case -pbp is specified
$argv .= " -se";      # -se appends the errorfile to stderr
## $argv .= " --spell-check";  # uncomment to trigger an error

print "<<RAW SOURCE>>\n$source_string\n";

my $error = Perl::Tidy::perltidy(
    argv        => $argv,
    source      => \$source_string,
    destination => \$dest_string,
    stderr      => \$stderr_string,
    errorfile   => \$errorfile_string,    # ignored when -se flag is set
    ##phasers   => 'stun',                # uncomment to trigger an error
);

if ($error) {

    # serious error in input parameters, no tidied output
    print "<<STDERR>>\n$stderr_string\n";
    die "Exiting because of serious errors\n";
}

if ($dest_string)      { print "<<TIDIED SOURCE>>\n$dest_string\n" }
if ($stderr_string)    { print "<<STDERR>>\n$stderr_string\n" }
if ($errorfile_string) { print "<<.ERR file>>\n$errorfile_string\n" }

Additional examples are given in examples section of the perltidy distribution.

Using the formatter Callback Object

The formatter parameter is an optional callback object which allows the calling program to receive tokenized lines directly from perltidy for further specialized processing. When this parameter is used, the two formatting options which are built into perltidy (beautification or html) are ignored. The following diagram illustrates the logical flow:

                  |-- (normal route)   -> code beautification
caller->perltidy->|-- (-html flag )    -> create html
                  |-- (formatter given)-> callback to write_line

This can be useful for processing perl scripts in some way. The parameter $formatter in the perltidy call,

formatter   => $formatter,

is an object created by the caller with a write_line method which will accept and process tokenized lines, one line per call. Here is a simple example of a write_line which merely prints the line number, the line type (as determined by perltidy), and the text of the line:

sub write_line {

    # This is called from perltidy line-by-line
    my $self              = shift;
    my $line_of_tokens    = shift;
    my $line_type         = $line_of_tokens->{_line_type};
    my $input_line_number = $line_of_tokens->{_line_number};
    my $input_line        = $line_of_tokens->{_line_text};
    print "$input_line_number:$line_type:$input_line";
}

The complete program, perllinetype, is contained in the examples section of the source distribution. As this example shows, the callback method receives a parameter $line_of_tokens, which is a reference to a hash of other useful information. This example uses these hash entries:

$line_of_tokens->{_line_number} - the line number (1,2,...)
$line_of_tokens->{_line_text}   - the text of the line
$line_of_tokens->{_line_type}   - the type of the line, one of:

   SYSTEM         - system-specific code before hash-bang line
   CODE           - line of perl code (including comments)
   POD_START      - line starting pod, such as '=head'
   POD            - pod documentation text
   POD_END        - last line of pod section, '=cut'
   HERE           - text of here-document
   HERE_END       - last line of here-doc (target word)
   FORMAT         - format section
   FORMAT_END     - last line of format section, '.'
   DATA_START     - __DATA__ line
   DATA           - unidentified text following __DATA__
   END_START      - __END__ line
   END            - unidentified text following __END__
   ERROR          - we are in big trouble, probably not a perl script

Most applications will be only interested in lines of type CODE. For another example, let's write a program which checks for one of the so-called naughty matching variables &`, $&, and $', which can slow down processing. Here is a write_line, from the example program find_naughty.pl, which does that:

sub write_line {

    # This is called back from perltidy line-by-line
    # We're looking for $`, $&, and $'
    my ( $self, $line_of_tokens ) = @_;

    # pull out some stuff we might need
    my $line_type         = $line_of_tokens->{_line_type};
    my $input_line_number = $line_of_tokens->{_line_number};
    my $input_line        = $line_of_tokens->{_line_text};
    my $rtoken_type       = $line_of_tokens->{_rtoken_type};
    my $rtokens           = $line_of_tokens->{_rtokens};
    chomp $input_line;

    # skip comments, pod, etc
    return if ( $line_type ne 'CODE' );

    # loop over tokens looking for $`, $&, and $'
    for ( my $j = 0 ; $j < @$rtoken_type ; $j++ ) {

        # we only want to examine token types 'i' (identifier)
        next unless $$rtoken_type[$j] eq 'i';

        # pull out the actual token text
        my $token = $$rtokens[$j];

        # and check it
        if ( $token =~ /^\$[\`\&\']$/ ) {
            print STDERR
              "$input_line_number: $token\n";
        }
    }
}

This example pulls out these tokenization variables from the $line_of_tokens hash reference:

$rtoken_type = $line_of_tokens->{_rtoken_type};
$rtokens     = $line_of_tokens->{_rtokens};

The variable $rtoken_type is a reference to an array of token type codes, and $rtokens is a reference to a corresponding array of token text. These are obviously only defined for lines of type CODE. Perltidy classifies tokens into types, and has a brief code for each type. You can get a complete list at any time by running perltidy from the command line with

perltidy --dump-token-types

In the present example, we are only looking for tokens of type i (identifiers), so the for loop skips past all other types. When an identifier is found, its actual text is checked to see if it is one being sought. If so, the above write_line prints the token and its line number.

The examples section of the source distribution has some examples of programs which use the formatter option.

For help with perltidy's peculiar way of breaking lines into tokens, you might run, from the command line,

perltidy -D filename

where filename is a short script of interest. This will produce filename.DEBUG with interleaved lines of text and their token types. The -D flag has been in perltidy from the beginning for this purpose. If you want to see the code which creates this file, it is sub Perl::Tidy::Debugger::write_debug_entry

EXPORT

&perltidy

INSTALLATION

The module 'Perl::Tidy' comes with a binary 'perltidy' which is installed when the module is installed. The module name is case-sensitive. For example, the basic command for installing with cpanm is 'cpanm Perl::Tidy'.

VERSION

This man page documents Perl::Tidy version 20240903

LICENSE

This package is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the "GNU General Public License".

Please refer to the file "COPYING" for details.

BUG REPORTS

The source code repository is at https://github.com/perltidy/perltidy.

To report a new bug or problem, use the "issues" link on this page.

SEE ALSO

The perltidy(1) man page describes all of the features of perltidy. It can be found at http://perltidy.sourceforge.net.